<p>Kizhi Pogost  is a historical site dating from the 17th century on Kizhi island. The island is located on Lake Onega in the Republic of Karelia , Russia. The pogost is the area inside a fence which includes two large wooden churches  and a bell-tower. The pogost is famous for its beauty and longevity, despite that it is built exclusively of wood. In 1990, it was included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage sites and in 1993 listed as a Russian Cultural Heritage site.</p><br>
<h2>General information</h2><br>
<p>The pogost was built on the southern part of Kizhi island, on a hill 4 meters above the Lake Onega level. Its major basic structural unit is a round log of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) about 30 cm in diameter and 3 to 5 meters long. The Kizhi Pogost was built without using a single nail. Many thousands of logs were brought for construction from the mainland, a complex logistical task in that time.</p><br>
<h2>The Church of the Transfiguration</h2><br>
<p>The Church of the Transfiguration (Церковь Преображения Господня) is the most remarkable part of the pogost. It is not heated and is, therefore, called a summer church and does not hold winter services. Its altar was laid June 6, 1714, as inscribed on the cross located inside the church. This church was built on the site of the old one which was burnt by lightning. The builders&#39; names are unknown. A legend tells that the main builder used one axe for the whole construction, which he threw into the lake upon completion with the words "there was not and will be not another one to match it".</p><br>
<p>The church has 22 domes and with a height of 37 meters is one of the tallest wooden buildings in Asia. Its perimeter is 20×29 meters. It is considered that the 18-dome church on the southern shore of Lake Onega - built in 1708 and destroyed by fire in 1963 - was its forerunner. According to the Russian carpentry traditions of that time, the Transfiguration Church was built of wood only with no nails apart from the domes and roof shingles. There are approximately 180,000 nails securing the 60,000 roof shingles. All structures were made of scribe-fitted horizontal logs, with interlocking corner joinery — either round notch or dovetail — cut by axes. The basis of the structure is the octahedral frame with four two-stage side attachments (прируб, "prirub" from "rubit" meaning "to cut wood"). The eastern prirub has a pentagonal shape and contains the altar. Two smaller octagons of similar shape are mounted on top of the main octagon. The structure is covered in 22 domes of different size and shape, which run from the top to the sides. The refectory is covered with a three-slope roof. In the 19th century, the church was decorated with batten and some parts were covered with steel. It was restored to its original design in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The church framework rests on a stone base without a deep foundation, except for the western aisle for which a foundation was built in 1870. Most wood is pine with spruce planks on the flat roofs. The domes are covered in aspen.</p><br>
<p>The iconostasis has four levels (четырёхъярусный) and contains 102 icons. It is dated to the second half of the 18th – early 19th century. The icons are from three periods: the two oldest icons, "The Transfiguration" (Преображение) and "Pokrov" (Покров) are from the late 17th century and are typical of the northern style. The central icons are from the second half of the 18th century and are also of the local style. Most icons of the three upper tiers are of the late 18th century, brought from various parts of Russia.</p><br>
<h2>The Church of the Intercession</h2><br>
<p>The Church of the Intercession (Покровская церковь) is a heated ("winter") church where services are held from October 1 until Easter. The church was the first on the island after a fire in the late 17th century destroyed all previous churches. It was first built in 1694 as a single-dome structure, then reconstructed in 1720–1749 and in 1764 rebuilt into its present 9-dome design as an architectural echo of the main Transfiguration Church. It stands 32 meters tall with a 26×8 meter perimeter. There are nine domes, one larger in the center, surrounded by eight smaller ones. Decoration is scant. A high single-part porch leads into the four interior parts of the church. As in the Transfiguration Church, the altar is placed in the eastern part shaped as a pentagon. The original iconostasis was replaced at the end of the 19th century and is lost; it was rebuilt in the 1950s to the original style.</p><br>
<h2>Belfry</h2><br>
<p>The original bell-tower rapidly deteriorated and was re-built in 1862 and further reconstructed in 1874 and 1900. The tower stands 30 meters tall with a 6×6 meter perimeter. It has a square wooden frame resting on a foundation (rubble with lime mortar)</p><br>
<p>the frame is divided inside by two walls into three rooms: antechamber, stairs and a storage place. Above the square frame, there is an octagonal part with the zvonnitsa on top. Then there is a pyramidal (octagonal) roof resting on pillars. The roof is topped with a cross. Wood types are the same as in the churches: pine, spruce and aspen.</p><br>
<h2>Fence</h2><br>
<p>The fence serves no defensive purpose at all. It is a symbolic division between the holy ground and the outside world. It was reconstructed in the 1950s as a 300-meter-long log structure surrounding the two churches and the belfry. The structure rests on a tall boulder basement. The main entrance is 14.4 meters wide and 2.25 meters tall, and faces east near the Church of the Intercession. There are wicket gates at the eastern and northern sides and a small wooden tower in the north-western corner. The tower has a square base and a four-slope batten roof with a spire. The walls, gates and wickets are also roofed.</p><br>
<p>Akrotiri  is a peninsula and former municipality in the Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Chania, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 112.644 km&sup2;. Its ancient name was Kiamon while the Byzantines called it Charaka. The seat of Akrotiri municipality was Pythari. Stavros became famous because of the film Zorba the Greek.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and environment</h2><br>
<p>Akrotiri is a rocky promontory on the northern side of the island of Crete, in the Sea of Crete. It is roughly circular in shape, connected to the rest of the island by a wide causeway between Chania and the town of Souda. To the south, Souda Bay is found between the peninsula and the island. Most of the peninsula is a plateau somewhat elevated from the sea. There is a string of hills along the northern coast. A variety of flora occur on the rocky promontory of Akrotiri including the herb Taraxacum minimum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest history of the local area is related to the founding of the nearby ancient city of Kydonia, one of the most powerful cities of ancient Crete.</p><br>
<p>The tombs of Eleftherios Venizelos and his son Sophoklis are found on Akrotiri, at a site overlooking Chania. At this site, the Greek flag was raised in defiance of the Turks and the Great Powers, with the peninsula acting as a headquarters of the.</p><br>
<p>Three monasteries are found in the hills to the north. Aghia Triada dates from the 17th Century and was founded by two Venetian monks who had joined the Orthodox church, Jeremiah and Laurentio Giancarolo. These brothers renovated an older monastery endowed by the Mourtari family. The imposing buildings are visible across the plateau and from planes arriving at the airport and are set in olive and orange groves. A little way into the hills, accessible by car through a small gorge, is the Gouvernetos Monastery, 5 km north of Aghia Triada. Here the buildings appear fortress-like, with a large square building around a central courtyard, in which stands the church dedicated to the Virgin Mary.</p><br>
<h2>Logistics</h2><br>
<p>From Gouverneto Monastery, the path is only accessible by foot and leads to the cave of the Arkoudiotissa ("she-bear"), where a stalagmite is said to look like a bear. This cave is believed to have been used for worship since ancient times (as there is evidence for cults of Artemis and Apollo), but was dedicated to the Arkoudiotissa Panaghia (Our Lady) during the Christian era. Ascetics lived in the caves in the area. Further along the path, after a descent of 140 steps, is the Katholikon (monastic church), the third monastery, now abandoned. It is believed to date from the 5th or 6th Century, founded by St John the Hermit. It is built into the cliff, with a unique church largely carved into the rock-face. This striking set of buildings is now overgrown with fig trees but retains significant charm.</p><br>
<p>Chania&#39;s airport, Chania/Ioannis Daskalogiannis International Airport (IATA: CHQ, ICAO:LGSA), named after folk-hero Daskalogiannis, is on the central plateau and is easily reached from Chania by car, taxi or public transport. There are several resorts around Akrotiri, including Stavros, Kalathas and Marathi.</p><br>
<h2>Line notes</h2><br>
<p>Belfast Lough is a large, intertidal sea inlet on the east coast of Northern Ireland. At its head is the city and port of Belfast, which sits at the mouth of the River Lagan. The lough opens into the North Channel and connects Belfast to the Irish Sea.</p><br>
<p>Belfast Lough is a long, wide and deep expanse of water, virtually free of strong tides. The inner part of the lough comprises a series of mudflats and lagoons. The outer lough is restricted to mainly rocky shores with some small sandy bays. The outer boundary of the lough is a line joining Orlock Point and Blackhead.</p><br>
<p>The main coastal towns are Bangor on the southern shore (County Down) and Carrickfergus on the northern shore (County Antrim). Other coastal settlements include Holywood, Helen&#39;s Bay, Greenisland and Whitehead.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Belfast Lough is known in Irish as Loch Lao, which was Anglicised as Lough Lee. Earlier spellings include Loch Laoigh and Loch Laigh. This name means "sea inlet of the calf". The River Lagan, which flows into it, was also historically known as the Lao. It is believed that the lough and river were named after a "bovine goddess". In the 2nd century, the Greek geographer Ptolemy referred to it as the Logia.</p><br>
<p>Before Belfast grew into a city, the lough was known in English as Carrickfergus Bay. In Ulster-Scots it is called Bilfawst Loch or Craigfergus Loch.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1689 during the War of the Two Kings the Williamite expeditionary force under Marshal Schomberg landed at Bangor, after the lough had been cleared of French shipping by George Rooke. Schomberg occupied the towns of Bangor and Belfast, before successfully laying siege to Carrickfergus. The following year William III also used the lough as a safe anchorage when he arrived in Ireland with reinforcements for Schomberg in the run-up to the victory over the Jacobite army at the Battle of the Boyne.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<h3>Nature reserve</h3><br>
<p>The reserve is situated within the Belfast Harbour Estate on the shores of Belfast Lough. The RSPB manages some mudflats in Belfast Lough, together with an area of grassland with a pool and ditch complex near Belfast City Airport, and a lagoon with a hide and viewpoints. The mudflats are important feeding areas for a variety of wading birds and wildfowl. At high tide, flocks of wading birds, such as redshank, oystercatchers and black-tailed godwits, can be seen from the hide and viewing points.</p><br>
<p>The "inner lough" was made an Area of Special Scientific Interest (ASSI) in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Recorded wildlife includes Crepidula fornicata Lamarck (Slipper Limpet).</p><br>
<h3>Ramsar site</h3><br>
<p>The Belfast Lough Ramsar site (wetlands of international importance designated under the Ramsar Convention), is 432.14 hectares in area, at latitude 54 38 00 N and longitude 05 54 00 W. It was designated a Ramsar site on 5 August 1998. The site contains the inner part of the lough including areas of intertidal foreshore, consisting of mudflats and lagoons, and land, both reclaimed and being reclaimed, which form important feeding/roosting sites for significant numbers of wintering waders and wildfowl. The outer lough is restricted to mainly rocky shores with some small sandy bays and beach-head salt marsh.</p><br>
<p>In the outer lough, the Ramsar boundary entirely coincides with that of Outer Belfast Lough Area of Special Scientific Interest but within the immediate harbour area the boundary has been redrawn to take into account permitted port related development and landfill which has taken place since the Inner Belfast Lough Area of Special Scientific Interest was declared in 1987. Marine areas below mean low water are not included. The Ramsar boundary entirely coincides with that of the Belfast Lough Special Protection Area. The site qualifies under Criterion 3c of the Ramsar Convention by regularly supporting internationally important numbers of common redshank in winter. The site also regularly supports nationally important numbers of common shelduck, Eurasian oystercatcher, purple sandpiper, dunlin, black-tailed godwit, bar-tailed godwit, Eurasian curlew and ruddy turnstone.</p><br>
<h2>Sailing</h2><br>
<p>Popular for sailing, the lough has three marinas: one at Bangor, one at Carrickfegus and a third located at. Belfast docks at the head of a lough contain the famous shipbuilder of the RMS Titanic fame, Harland & Wolff, is no longer building ships for the foreseeable future and has shed most of its workforce and diversified into repairing and refitting large tankers and oilrigs. Coastguard offices for the lough, although referred to as Belfast Coastguard, are located in the town of Bangor by the marina. In 1912, the RMS Titanic sailed down the lough from Belfast to the Irish Sea for her sea trials.</p><br>
<p>The lough hosts two Royal Yacht Clubs. One at Cultra just outside Holywood, The Royal North of Ireland Yacht Club, and the Royal Ulster based from Bangor. There are also several other clubs spread around the lough: Ballyholme Yacht Club, Carrickfergus Sailing Club, Cockle Island Boat Club, County Antrim Yacht Club, Donaghadee Sailing Club and Holywood Yacht Club.</p><br>
<p>For racing sailors, this is a competitor&#39;s dream, giving 30 square miles of open water and enough coastline to make short inshore races day-long affairs. Three main arteries serve the lough close to Belfast: the Herdman Channel on the County Antrim coast side; the Victoria Channel, the central and longest route; and the Musgrave Channel on the County Down side.</p><br>
<h2>Railway</h2><br>
<p>The Belfast-Larne railway line skirts the north shore particularly from Carrickfergus and then Downshire to Whitehead and northwards then alongside Larne Lough to Larne Harbour. Trains connect Belfast Great Victoria Street and Belfast Central to Larne Harbour.</p><br>
<p>The Belfast-Bangor railway line skirts the south shore at Holywood railway station to Marino railway station and Cultra railway station. Trains connect Belfast Great Victoria Street and Belfast Central to Bangor.</p><br>
<p>Cultra railway station is the home of the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum.</p><br>
<p>Mount Ontake, also referred to as Mount Kiso Ontake, is the second highest volcano in Japan  at 3,067 m.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Mt. Ontake is located around 100 km northeast of Nagoya, and around 200 km (125 mi) west of Tokyo, at the borders of Kiso and Ōtaki, Nagano Prefecture, and Gero, Gifu Prefecture.</p><br>
<p>The volcano has five crater lakes, with Ni no Ike at 2,905 m being the highest mountain lake in Japan.</p><br>
<p>Ontake is a major sacred mountain, and following older shamanistic practices, actors and artists have gone to the mountain to put themselves into trances in order to get divine inspiration for their creative activities.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptions</h2><br>
<p>Ontake was thought to be inactive until October 1979, when it underwent a series of explosive phreatic eruptions which ejected 200,000 tons of ash, and had a Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 2.</p><br>
<p>There were minor non-explosive (VEI 0) phreatic eruptions in 1991 and 2007.</p><br>
<p>On Saturday, September 27, 2014, at around 11:53 a.m. Japan Standard Time (UTC +9), the volcano erupted with a VEI of 3 or 4. There were no significant earthquakes that might have warned authorities in the lead up to the phreatic eruption—caused by ground water flashing to steam in a hydrothermal explosion. The Mount Ontake volcano eruption was an extremely rare phenomenon which made it difficult to take precautionary measures.</p><br>
<p>Sixty-three people were killed; five bodies remain un-recovered. The Japan Self-Defense Forces began carrying out helicopter searches for missing people after the eruption.</p><br>
<p>The Chic-Choc Mountains, also spelled Shick Shocks, is a mountain range in the central region of the Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec, Canada. It is a part of the Notre Dame Mountains, which is a continuation of the Appalachian Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name Chic-Chocs comes from the Mi&#39;kmaq word sigsôg, meaning "crags" or "rocky mountains." It has undergone many different spellings over time, including Chikchâks (1836), Shick-shock (1857), and Chick-Saws (1863).</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Chic-Chocs run parallel to the St. Lawrence River and are located some 20 to 40 kilometers inland. They are a narrow band of mountains approximately 95 km long and 10 km wide.</p><br>
<p>The Chic-Chocs are heavily eroded, with rounded, flattened tops and steep sides. Over 25 mountains in the range have peaks higher than 1,000 m; the highest is Mont Jacques-Cartier at 1,268 m. Caribou can be found in the plateaus of this region.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Although visited by just a few tourists, Chic-Choc Mountains became much more popular in the late 1990s as backcountry skiing gained popularity in Eastern Canada.</p><br>
<p>A network of trails, including the International Appalachian Trail, passes through these mountains. Quebec&#39;s Parc national de la Gaspésie protects most of the mountain range.</p><br>
<p>The Murghāb River , also called Margos, Margu and Margiana River , and also transliterated as Murgab  and Murgap , is an 850 km long river in Central Asia. It rises in central-western Afghanistan and runs north-west towards the Murghab District, which takes its name from the river, and then the Kara Kum desert in Turkmenistan, where it peters out.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Murghab originates in central-western Afghanistan, on a plateau situated among the chain of mountains of Paropamisus, Gharjistan and Band-i Turkestan. In its higher course, oriented from east to west, and to the locality of Mukhamedkhan—i.e. over a length of 300 km—the valley of Murghab is narrow, measuring less than one kilometer in width, with steep slopes. There are narrow gorges in some places. Between Darband-i Kilrekht and Mukhammedkhan, the Murghab crosses the western part of Band-i Turkestan. It then runs toward the northwest in a deep canyon. In Mukhammedkhan, it crosses the gorges of Jaokar. After this, the valley widens somewhat gradually, reaching a width of 2 km in Turkmenistan. Beyond Mukhamedkhan, a small portion of the water of the Murghab is used for irrigation; approximately 10,000 hectare are irrigated from the Murghab in Afghanistan. The Murghab receives the waters of the Kaysar river on the right, then forms the border between Turkmenistan and Afghanistan over a 16 km length. In the territory of Turkmenistan, close to Takhta-Bazaar, the Murghab receives the Kachan river from the left bank, and 25 km further, there is the confluence of the Kushk. Reaching the oasis of Merv, the Murghab mingles its waters with those of the Karakum Canal, a diversion of water from the Amu-Darya.</p><br>
<h2>Catchment area</h2><br>
<p>The catchment area of the Murghab is estimated at 46,880 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrometry - the flows at Takhta-Bazaar</h2><br>
<p>The flow of Murghab was observed during 50 years (1936–85) at Takhta-Bazaar, a location in Turkmenistan about 30 km after the Murghab leaves the Afghan territory, and a score of kilometers upstream of the confluence with the Kushk. At Takhta-Bazaar, average annual flow observed over this period was 48.7 m3/s for an observed surface area of 34,700 km&sup2, which is 74 percent of the totality of the catchment area of the river. The geographically-averaged hydrometric flow passing through this part of the basin, by far greatest from the point of view of the flow, thus reached the figure of 44.3 millimeters per annum, which is very appreciable in this particularly desiccated area.</p><br>
<p>Monthly mean flows of Murghab (in cubic meters per second) measured at the hydrometric station of Takhta-Bazaar Data calculated over 50 years</p><br>
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<p>Middle Bass Island is an island of the U.S. state of Ohio, located in Lake Erie. A small town, Middle Bass, lies on the island. The 805-acre  island is shaped like the Big Dipper and is one of three Bass Islands located at the center of a group of 23 smaller islands. It is located in Put-in-Bay Township, Ottawa County, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Some of its more famous neighbors are South Bass Island, with the town of Put-in-Bay, Kelleys Island, and Pelee Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was landed upon by French explorer, Robert La Salle, in 1679. The abundance of wildflowers on the island impressed La Salle and his crew so much that they appropriately named it Isle des Fleures, the Island of Flowers. It would retain this name for the next 200 years until it was acquired by a German count in 1856. With the aid of immigrant German workers, the island was used for grape cultivation. This proved to be a very successful undertaking. Old aerial photos of the island (and its neighbor, North Bass Island) show the majority of the island covered with neat rows of grapevines.</p><br>
<p>By 1875, Middle Bass Island&#39;s Golden Eagle Winery was reputed to be the largest wine producer in the United States. The Lonz family acquired the business in 1884 and owned and operated it until the death of George Lonz in 1968. Lonz Winery has often been compared with the wineries of the German Rhineland. The old castle-like structure has been visited by countless dignitaries including five American Presidents. The winery is now part of a corporation bearing the Lonz name. Since 1979, the wines have been made by Italian enologist Claudio Salvador.</p><br>
<p>On July 1, 2000 tragedy struck the Lonz Winery when a terrace collapsed leaving one dead and dozens injured.</p><br>
<p>Lonz Winery was purchased by the state of Ohio and Middle Bass Island State Park established in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Middle Bass is serviced by the Miller Boat Line from Catawba Island and the Middle Bass Ferry Line from Put-In-Bay. It is common to use Middle Bass as a lower cost/less crowded base and then take the Sonny S (sole ship of the Middle Bass Ferry Line) to Put-In-Bay for the day.</p><br>
<p>Middle Bass Island Airport has a 1852-foot runway with commercial air-taxi service. Middle Bass-East Point Airport offers a 2,085-foot turf runway.</p><br>
<p>North Bass Island is an island of the U.S. state of Ohio located in Lake Erie. A small unincorporated community, Isle Saint George, is on the island. The North Bass Island Post Office was established on May 25, 1864, and the name changed to Isle Saint George Post Office on March 2, 1874. The Isle Saint George ZIP code 43436 provides PO Box service.</p><br>
<p>The 688.6-acre (2.786 km²) island is one of few islands that has not been commercially developed. The state of Ohio purchased 589 acres (2.4 km²) of the island to preserve it from development and operates it as North Bass Island State Park.</p><br>
<p>Historically, North Bass was mainly used as a vineyard. According to the 2000 census the island had 13 permanent residents. As of January 2007, there were roughly two dozen permanent residents residing on the island&#39;s 12 privately owned properties.</p><br>
<p>North Bass Island Airport offers a 1,804 ft paved airstrip.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>North Bass Island is the second largest and northernmost island of the Bass Islands; which are a part of the larger Lake Erie Islands archipelago. On the southwest corner of the island there is a small bay named Manila Bay and there is a small unnamed creek that protrudes from the bay. The island is part of Put-in-Bay Township, Ottawa County, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>South Bass Island is a small island in western Lake Erie, and a part of Ottawa County, Ohio, United States. It is the southernmost of the three Bass Islands and located 3 miles  from the south shore of Lake Erie. It is the third largest island in the Lake Erie Islands, and is part of Put-in-Bay Township. The island is a popular recreation spot.</p><br>
<p>Approximately 3.7 mi long and 1.5 mi wide and comprises 1,588.3 acre, the island is separated by an isthmus into a smaller, residential northeastern side (East Point) and a southwestern side that contains an airfield and the village center of Put-in-Bay, the island&#39;s only incorporated community. The island is 3 mi north of the nearest point on the mainland (Scott Point in the peninsular Catawba Island Township) and approximately 10 mi NNE of Port Clinton, Ohio, and 14 mi NNW of Sandusky, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>As of the 2000 census there were 631 residents on the island.</p><br>
<p>The village of Put-in-Bay is a popular tourist destination during the summer. The island is often referred to as the "Key West of Lake Erie." Put-in-Bay is served by ferry from nearby Port Clinton and Sandusky. Perrys Victory and International Peace Memorial, including Perrys Monument, commemorating the Battle of Lake Erie is located on South Bass Island, near Put-In-Bay. The island is also the annual host of the Inter-Lake Yachting Association regatta, known as Bay Week.</p><br>
<p>In the bay of South Bass is Gibraltar Island, home to the Ohio State University&#39;s Stone Laboratory.</p><br>
<p>Transportation via car, bike, or walking to the island is provided by ferries from the Miller Boat Line (departing from the northern point of Catawba Island), and Jet Express (departing from Port Clinton, Ohio, Sandusky, Ohio, and Lorain, Ohio), and many more including various charter boat companies in the area. The island also has a small airport. Golf carts are a popular method of transportation on the island.</p><br>
<p>Starve Island is an island of the U.S. state of Ohio located in Lake Erie. The 2 acre island is about a mile  south of South Bass Island. In normal weather conditions it is visible for only a mile or two, as some rocks and a few shrubs poking up from the lake, and is the second smallest of the Lake Erie Islands . The island can be seen from the top of Perry&#39;s Victory and International Peace Memorial in Put-in-Bay.</p><br>
<p>It is said that the island gets its name from a sailor&#39;s fate upon the island following a shipwreck. Variant names for the island include Dinner Island and Glacial Island.</p><br>
<p>The Starve Island Reef is located approximately one mile further south of Starve Island at . Island and reef are both located in Put-in-Bay Township, Ottawa County, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Turtle Island is a island in the western portion of Lake Erie in the United States. The island has an unusual political status, as its jurisdiction is divided between the USA states of Michigan and Ohio, even though the island has no residents or current use. Turtle Island is located about 5 mi northeast of the mouth of the Maumee River in Maumee Bay. Today, the island houses several abandoned structures and the ruins of Turtle Island Light, a lighthouse dating back to 1866. According to the Census Bureau, most of the island lies in Jerusalem Township in Lucas County, Ohio with the smaller Michigan portion being part of Erie Township.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Miami tribe was the first to inhabit the small island prior to 1800. They used the island primarily to gather seagull eggs. The island was named after Miami chief Mishikinakwa, who was an influential Indian leader in the Northwest Territory during the American Revolution. Nicknamed Little Turtle, he later became popular among the American people after dissenting from his native tribe in the pursuit of peace negotiations with the Americans.</p><br>
<p>The British operated a small fort on the island around 1794 in defense of the mouth of the Maumee River, but the fort was soon abandoned. There are conflicting accounts as to who maintained control of the island during this time. Local folklore alludes to the belief that the Indians controlled the island and used it as a military fort, while others claim the British held control of it until losing it during the War of 1812. Official accounts of the history of Turtle Island date back to 1827, when the island itself was sold at a federal government auction in nearby Monroe, Michigan. Turtle Island was believed to not even be a true island on its own but rather a former extension of Little Cedar Point Peninsula. The island was bought but sold back to the United States four years later.</p><br>
<h3>Early 1900s</h3><br>
<p>With the completion of the Toledo Harbor Light in 1904, the shallower shipping lane around Turtle Island was rerouted to deeper waters, and the lighthouse on Turtle Island was abandoned. Turtle Island Light was officially decommissioned on May 15, 1904. Federal officials removed the components of the lighthouse but left all the structures in place. The island was sold at an auction to A. H. Merrill for $1,650 in December 1904. The island went unused and was subsequently vandalized over the next 30 years. Most of the original structures were completely stripped of their elements. In the late 1920s, the Toledo Blade reported on the status of the island by saying, “Vandals have wrecked the house, stealing everything that could be salvaged from the structure except the grim, bare walls which stand as a monument to the service this light rendered for nearly half a century.”</p><br>
<p>In 1933, A. H. Merrill transferred ownership of the island to George Merrill. He signed a lease with the Associated Yacht Club of Toledo (AYC) for them to build a series of docks and use the island for recreational purposes. However, the AYC ran out of money during the Great Depression and was forced to abandon their plans for rejuvenating Turtle Island. The AYC attempted to work with the state of Ohio to receive funding to revamp the island, but the state determined the cost of restoring the island would exceed its beneficial use by the public since the island was too small and remote. The AYC abandoned the island in 1937, and the island continued to decay with no improvements.</p><br>
<h3>Border dispute</h3><br>
<p>The small strip of land surrounding the mouth of the Maumee River was under the jurisdiction of the Michigan Territory, because the borders originally drawn up for the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set a territorial boundary as a straight line from the southernmost edge of Lake Michigan. When Ohio became the first in the Northwest Territory to gain statehood in 1803, the state’s northern border did not include this important area, which was later given to the Michigan Territory when it was formally organized in 1805. Turtle Island fell under the jurisdiction of the Michigan Territory, and when the first Turtle Island Light was constructed in 1831, it was within the boundaries of the territory. When Toledo was founded in 1833, it was part of the Michigan Territory, and the Port of Toledo operated the lighthouse. Because Ohio disputed Michigan&#39;s ownership over this area, it led to the heated Toledo War, a border dispute between the Michigan Territory and the state of Ohio for the area known as the Toledo Strip. In late 1836, President Andrew Jackson intervened on behalf of Ohio and gave the Toledo Strip to Ohio in exchange for Michigan getting the Upper Peninsula when it became a state soon after on January 26, 1837.</p><br>
<p>The Toledo Strip and the city of Toledo became part of Ohio, but Turtle Island remained part of the Michigan Territory. The lighthouse was still operated by the Port of Toledo, but the island was still claimed and charted as Michigan territory within Monroe County. Control of the island was not disputed by either state, and the political status of the island was forgotten after the lighthouse was decommissioned in 1904. The state boundary of Ohio and Michigan remained unchanged from 1837 until 1973 when the status of Turtle Island was finally recognized and resolved long after tensions over the Toledo War had ended. The Supreme Court of the United States intervened, and on February 22, 1973, an agreement was reached between the two states. The state lines were redrawn for the last time to cut exactly through the center of the tiny islands 190 ft diameter sea wall at a 45° angle, while the ruins of the lighthouse itself were included in the Ohio half. The island was divided between Monroe County and Ohios Lucas County. This was merely an act of politics, as the island had been abandoned and continually decaying for the past 70 years. The Michigan half fell under the jurisdiction of Erie Township, while the city of Toledo assumed full control over the other half.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>The island remains privately owned, and Turtle Island only has remnants of structures still standing. In February 2002, the owner of the island attempted to build three new buildings on the island with the reported intent of using them for summer vacation rentals. Authorities in Monroe County issued a decree to stop the construction, because the owner failed to get the building permits to build on the Michigan side of the island. The decree was ignored, but the structures were never completely finished before they were mostly destroyed by large ice packs during the winter of 2009. Erie Township, which has jurisdiction over the Michigan half of Turtle Island, has planned to remove the now-destroyed structures from the island and clean up the remaining debris. This action has not taken place yet, because the cost of doing so would be too expensive. The township has continually debated on what to do with the island.</p><br>
<p>The only thing that remains of the 1866 Turtle Island Light is the tower, although the top of the tower was blown off during a windstorm on Palm Sunday in 1965, exposing the iron spikes that once held the lantern in place. Continued efforts at restoring the lighthouse have been unsuccessful. Portions of the concrete wall constructed to originally protect the lighthouse have also eroded away, further exposing the island. Lighthouse Digest lists the decaying Turtle Island Light as critically endangered on its Doomsday List of threatened lighthouses. Even though the island is remote, it is currently closed to the public, although it is impossible for this to be enforced.</p><br>
<p>Turtle Island is one of at least 19 islands that straddle USA state lines. Some of the others include South Rigolets Island (30.352, -88.393) which straddles the Alabama-Mississippi state line, Long Island (34.970, -85.670) which straddles the Alabama-Tennessee state line, State Line Island (35.007, -88.190) which straddles the Alabama-Tennessee state line and Padanarum Island (41.652, -80.520) that straddles the Ohio-Pennsylvania line. Padanarum Island became joined to the Pennsylvania mainland when water levels in Pymatuning Reservoir were reduced for safety reasons. A swampy isthmus that still floods during high water now connects it to the mainland. Others are:</p><br>
<p>Rhode Island and Connecticut share Sandy Point Island in Little Narragansett Bay.</p><br>
<p>New Jersey and New York share Shooter&#39;s Island, a bird sanctuary located in the south end of Newark Bay off the north shore of Staten Island. (The small portion in New Jersey is further divided between two counties).</p><br>
<p>Delaware and Maryland share Fenwick Island.</p><br>
<p>Maryland and Virginia share Smith Island in Chesapeake Bay, as well as Assateague Island on the Atlantic coast.</p><br>
<p>Virginia and North Carolina share Knotts Island, Mon Island and Simon Island, separated from the Atlantic by an intracoastal waterway.</p><br>
<p>North Carolina and South Carolina share Bird Island on the Atlantic coast.</p><br>
<p>Florida and Alabama share Perdido Key in the Gulf of Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Alabama and Mississippi share South Rigolets Island in the Gulf of Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Alabama and Mississippi share an island between Bayou Heron and Mattie Clark Bayou on the Gulf Coast.</p><br>
<p>Minnesota and Wisconsin share Interstate Island State Wildlife Management Area in Saint Louis Bay between Duluth, Minnesota, and Superior, Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>At the mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon and Washington share Sand Island Dike and Rice Island.</p><br>
<p>The Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site preserves the Springwood estate in Hyde Park, New York. Springwood was the birthplace, lifelong home, and burial place of the 32nd President of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The National Historic Site was established in 1945.</p><br>
<h2>History of the estate</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>In 1697, the English Crown gave a 220 square miles land grant (the "Great Nine Partners Patent") to a group of nine businessmen from New York City. The land extended from the Hudson River on the west to the border with Connecticut on the East. To ensure equal access to the river for all partners, the land on the shore of the river was divided into nine "Water Lots", one of which Springwood was located on and was granted to William Creed, one of the nine partners.</p><br>
<p>While the early history of the house on the Springwood estate remains unclear, it is believed that the central portion of the present day house is formed by a large farmhouse which was constructed around the year 1800 in the Federal style. In 1845, the estate was purchased by Josiah Wheeler, a merchant from New York City. Wheeler undertook a remodeling of the house, giving it a then fashionable Italianate style with a three-story tower at the south end as well as front and rear piazzas spanning the entire length of the house. After this remodeling, the house comprised a total of 15 rooms.</p><br>
<h3>Roosevelt ownership</h3><br>
<p>In 1866, the estate which had been reduced to approximately one square mile (2.5 square kilometers), was bought by James Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelts father, for US$ 40,000, at a time when a textile workers earnings were less than a dollar a day. The property featured a stable and horse track, which was important to James because he took great interest in horse breeding. From the date of purchase until his death 34 years later in 1900, James made many improvements of the house and property. He enlarged the servants&#39; wing of the building, adding two rooms, and had a spacious carriage house built in the vicinity.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, Franklin was born in what was then the second floor tower bedroom at the south end of the house. At the time, it functioned as the master bedroom; the bedroom which he, and later his sons, used during boyhood is nearby on the same floor. In 1905, after he and Eleanor Roosevelt married, the young couple moved in with his mother. The estate remained the center of Roosevelt&#39;s life in all stages of his career.</p><br>
<p>In 1915, Franklin D. Roosevelt, together with his mother Sara, undertook a final major enlargement and remodeling of the home. This was done in order to accommodate his growing family, but also to create an environment for entertaining his political associates which fitted his ambitions. Roosevelt contributed many ideas for the new design, but since the building work was paid for by his mother Sara, she had to find compromises which also took the financial aspect into account. She commissioned the design work from the firm of Hoppin & Koen, of New York City. The size of the house was more than doubled by adding two large fieldstone wings (designed by Roosevelt), a tower, and a third story with a flat roof. The clapboard exterior of the house was replaced with stucco and most of the porch was replaced with a fieldstone terrace with a balustrade and a small columned portico around the entrance. These alterations gave the exterior of the house the look of a mansion in the Colonial Revival Style. The interior, while retaining much of the layout of the old family home, was redesigned primarily with the aim of housing Roosevelts growing collections of books, paintings, stamps, and coins. The remodeling work was finished within one year in 1916. Roosevelt also changed the appearance of the surrounding land by extensive planting of trees. Between 1911, when the large scale planting started and Roosevelts death in 1945, more than 400,000 trees were planted on the estate. Eventually, large portions of the estate were turned into an experimental forestry station under an agreement with the Forestry Department of the Syracuse University.</p><br>
<p>During his presidency from March 4, 1933 until his death on April 12, 1945, Franklin made almost 200 visits to Springwood, although he eventually built Top Cottage nearby as a home of his own, separate from his mother&#39;s. The main estate functioned as a "Summer White House" where the President hosted his political associates as well as other prominent national and international figures. In June 1939, when King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, accompanied by Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King as minister in attendance, made the first visit of a reigning Canadian monarch to the United States, they were hosted at Springwood. Other guests included Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill, as well as European royalty such as Queen Wilhelmina, Princess Juliana, and Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, and Crown Prince Olaf and Crown Princess Märtha of Norway. Further, Roosevelt used the estate as a retreat for himself and his political associates on the eves of three of the four elections in which he ran for president. When the incoming results indicated that he had won the election, he would go outside onto the front terrace to deliver his victory speech.</p><br>
<p>Roosevelt made his last visit to Springwood in the last week of March 1945, about two weeks before his death. At his own wish, he was buried near the sundial in the Rose Garden on April 15, 1945. His wife was buried at his side after her death in 1962. Also buried here are Fala, the famous scottish terrier, and Chief, a German Shepherd also owned by FDR.</p><br>
<h3>Donation to the United States</h3><br>
<p>In 1943, Roosevelt donated the estate to the American people under the condition that his family maintained a lifetime right to usage of the property. On November 21, 1945, after the family had relinquished their rights, the estate was transferred to the USA Department of the Interior. Since then, the estate has been administered by the National Park Service as a National Historic Site and is open to the public. In 2005, the site covered a total area of more than 3 square kilometers and received 108,611 visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Rooms</h2><br>
<h3>Entrance Hall</h3><br>
<p>The walls of the entrance hall are mostly covered with pieces from Roosevelt&#39;s collection of paintings. On display are mainly naval paintings as well as some historical cartoons. Specimens from his boyhood collection of birds are also on display as well as a sculpture of him when he was 29. In the corner behind the main staircase is a manually operated trunk elevator, which the disabled president used to move between floors.</p><br>
<h3>Living room and library</h3><br>
<p>This room was the place where Roosevelt worked on his private collections; he accumulated a personal library of approximately 14,000 volumes, over 2,000 naval paintings, prints, and lithographs, over 300 bird specimens, over 200 ship models, 1.2 million stamps, as well as thousands of coins, banknotes, campaign buttons, and medallions.</p><br>
<h3>Music room</h3><br>
<p>The music room (also known as the "Dresden Room" for the origin of some of the porcelain) is a formal parlor which contains many Chinese pieces of porcelain and lacquerware. These were acquired when the family of Roosevelts mother stayed in China, where her father made a fortune in the China trade. Together with the adjacent dining room, this part of the house was the setting for the formal entertaining of guests. A collection of autographed photographs of some of the Roosevelts more famous guests is kept in the room on the piano.</p><br>
<h3>Bedrooms of Eleanor and Franklin Roosevelt</h3><br>
<p>During the enlargement of the house in 1915, a suite of rooms was created for Eleanor and Franklin Roosevelt in one of the new wings. Originally, these rooms included a sitting room and two dressing rooms, but after Roosevelt contracted polio in 1921, one of the dressing rooms was converted into a separate bedroom for his wife Eleanor and the sitting room into a bedroom for his mother Sara.</p><br>
<h3>The "Snuggery"</h3><br>
<p>This room was used by Roosevelt&#39;s mother, Sara, for beginning her day and conducting her business of running the household. The room was created in its present form during the extensive remodeling of 1915 by a division of the old South Parlor into a gallery and the Snuggery. Because most of the furniture of the old parlor was retained despite the reduction in size, the Snuggery has a cluttered appearance.</p><br>
<p>Loch Ericht  is a freshwater loch on the border between Perth and Kinross and the Highlands Council areas of Scotland. It is situated at a height of 351 metres above sea level and has a north-east to south-west orientation. The village of Dalwhinnie lies at the north east end of the loch. The loch is 14.5 mi in length and has a surface area of approximately 7 square miles. Loch Ericht is the tenth largest freshwater lake in Scotland and has a good reputation for its trout fishing.</p><br>
<p>The loch is part of a hydro-electric scheme and is dammed at both ends. Water flows into the northern end via the Cuaich Aqueduct. The southern end is linked to a hydro-electric power station at Loch Rannoch by the 4 mi long River Ericht. The northern dam protects the village of Dalwhinnie from flooding.</p><br>
<p>Loch Ericht is surrounded by a number of Munros, including Ben Alder (1148 metres) and Geal-Chàrn (1132 metres). Traditional hunting areas border the loch. These are called forests; the chief of which is Ben Alder Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Mapping</h2><br>
<p>Loch Ericht is covered by</p><br>
<p>Ordnance Survey Explorer map 393 (1:25000) Ben Alder, Loch Ericht and Loch Laggan and</p><br>
<p>Ordnance Survey Landranger map 42 (1:50000) Glen Garry and Loch Rannoch.</p><br>
<p>Grand Traverse Bay is a bay of Lake Michigan formed by the Leelanau Peninsula in the northwestern Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The bay is 32 mi long, 10 mi wide, and up to 620 ft deep in spots. It is divided into two arms by the Old Mission Peninsula. The entire bay is conterminous with the Grand Traverse Bay Bottomland Preserve. It should not be confused with Grand Traverse Bay of Lake Superior, located on the Keweenaw Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>Traverse City is situated at the south end of the bay where the Boardman River empties into the west arm. Cherry orchards line the bay region, giving rise to Traverse City&#39;s claim to be the Cherry Capital of the World. Several nationally known companies offer cherry-based products made with Northern Michigan tart cherries including Traverse Bay Farms, Cherry Central, Fruit Advantage, American Spoon, Cherry Republic and Old Mission Traders (formerly Cherry Stop). The region is the center of cherry production in Michigan.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Traverse Bay includes an East and West arm and several important smaller bays: Northport Bay, Suttons Bay, Omena Bay, Bowers Harbor, and Old Mission Bay. Northport Bay, located at the northwest corner of Grand Traverse Bay is about 10 mi long and 4 mi wide. Northport Bay open to the east, except inside the arms at each end, with the Leelanau Peninsula on the West side. There are several shoals in Northport Bay marked by buoys. Bellow Island, a low gravel island covered by shrubs and located near the middle of Northport Bay, is owned by the Nature Conservancy; it is primarily known as a bird rookery, and is sometimes locally called Gull Island.</p><br>
<p>The Village of Northport, Michigan operates a public marina. There is a public beach on the south side of the marina. The bay is lined with homes. There are two boat yards north of town. There is a private marina on the southerly end of the bay.</p><br>
<p>Besides cherries, the surrounding countryside produces grapes and is one of the centers of the Michigan wine industry. Known for its shimmering blue water and golden sand beaches, the Grand Traverse Bay region is a popular vacation destination.</p><br>
<p>In September 2007, Mark Holley, an underwater archeologist with the Grand Traverse Bay Underwater Preserve Council who teaches at Northwestern Michigan College in Traverse City, said that they might have discovered a boulder 3.5 to 4 ft high x 5 ft long) with a prehistoric carving in the Grand Traverse Bay. The granite rock has markings that resemble a mastodon with a spear in its side. Confirmation that the markings are an ancient petroglyph will require more evidence. The stone is pictured on page 9 of New Scientist Magazine of July 19, 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Communities</h2><br>
<p>Leelanau Point</p><br>
<p>Northport</p><br>
<p>Suttons Bay</p><br>
<p>Cherry Bend</p><br>
<p>Greilickville</p><br>
<p>Traverse City</p><br>
<p>Neahtawanta</p><br>
<p>Ogdensburg</p><br>
<p>Old Mission Point</p><br>
<p>Old Mission</p><br>
<p>Acme</p><br>
<p>Elk Rapids</p><br>
<p>Antrim City</p><br>
<p>Norwood</p><br>
<p>Loch Oich  is a freshwater loch in the Highlands of Scotland which forms part of the Caledonian Canal, of which it is the highest point. This narrow loch lies between Loch Ness  and Loch Lochy  in the Great Glen. It is fed by the River Garry  from the West, and feeds the River Oich from its North end. The Laggan locks separate it from Loch Lochy.</p><br>
<p>The Loch Oich wildlife is rich with a wide variety of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.</p><br>
<p>Every autumn the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) migrates from the sea using Loch Oich, Loch Lochy and Loch Ness as their spawning nests. After two years when the fingerling are up to 20 cm long they migrate back to the sea where they grow rapidly and weigh from 3.5-17 kg after two years.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Telford artificially raised the level of the loch by many feet to provide a navigable channel for the Caledonian Canal.</p><br>
<p>Lochindorb  is a freshwater loch north of Grantown on Spey in the Highland council area of Scotland. This loch is home to the ruins of Lochindorb Castle, a former stronghold of the Clan Comyn and is built on what now is said to be an artificially created island. It is also a popular spot with fishers and birdwatchers, the latter of whom come to see the local black-throated divers and greylag geese. At the southeast edge of the loch there is a small patch of coniferous forest.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Lochindorb is home to an array of wildlife and is a popular fishing and birdwatching spot. The loch was traditionally a game loch with a large native brown trout population however there has been a dramatic decrease in numbers since the illegal introduction of pike to the loch since 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Cains River is a Canadian river in New Brunswick. It is 113 kilometres long.</p><br>
<p>The Cains River has its origins in the "Bantalor Wildlife Management Area" in the eastern part of York County, near the boundary with Sunbury County. Generally flowing northeast through heavy forests, the Cains River joins the Southwest Miramichi River at the community of Howard. The Southwest Miramichi River then joins the Northwest Miramichi River at Newcastle, forming the Miramichi River and becomes tidal.</p><br>
<p>Much of the upper Cains River flows through crown land, owned and managed by the provincial government, and therefore cannot be purchased for private use. It is public water and therefore can be used by any fisherman. The Cains River is classified as salmon water from the mouth to the North Cains and requires a guide for non-resident anglers.</p><br>
<p>The river is noted for Atlantic Salmon fishing, especially in the autumn. It is a noted trout river as well. A popular fly pattern originated for the dark, tannin-stained waters of the Cains is the Copper Killer. Some of the best pools in the lower Cains River are private water and care must be used here. There is some public water on the lower Cains River, but access can be difficult and use of a licensed fishing guide is encouraged to avoid trespassing.</p><br>
<p>Salmon fishing is usually best there after a heavy fall rain raises the water level and causes pods of large salmon to begin to move up the Cains River in search of their spawning beds.</p><br>
<p>Foxe Basin is a shallow oceanic basin north of Hudson Bay, in Nunavut, Canada, located between Baffin Island and the Melville Peninsula. For most of the year, it is blocked by ice floes.</p><br>
<p>The nutrient-rich cold waters found in the basin are known to be especially favourable to phytoplankton and the numerous islands within it are important bird habitats, including Sabine&#39;s gulls and many types of shorebirds. Bowhead whales migrate to the northern part of the basin each summer.</p><br>
<p>The basin takes its name from the English explorer Luke Foxe who entered the lower part in 1631.</p><br>
<h2>Waterway</h2><br>
<p>Foxe Basin is a broad, predominantly shallow depression, generally less than 100 m in depth, while to the south, depths of up to 400 m occur. The tidal range decreases from 5 m in the southeast to less than 1 m in the northwest. During much of the year, landfast ice dominates in the north, while pack ice prevails towards the south. Foxe Basin itself is rarely ice-free until September, open pack ice being common throughout the summer. Vigorous tidal currents and strong winds keep the ice pack in constant motion and contribute to the numerous polynyas and shore leads which are found throughout the region. This same motion, combined with the high sediment content of the water makes the sea ice of Foxe Basin dark and rough, easily distinguishable from other ice in the Canadian Arctic.</p><br>
<h2>Coast</h2><br>
<p>The terrain is rocky and rugged in the southern half of the region, and generally low-lying in the north. High cliffs are found across the southern portion of the region, where most of the seabirds nest. Coastal marshes and tidal flats up to 6.5 km in width are found in the vast lowland section of eastern Foxe Basin, as well as in the bays of Southampton Island.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>This is one of the little-known areas of the Canadian Arctic, though it is proving to be biologically rich and diverse. The numerous polynyas in northern Foxe Basin support high densities of bearded seals and the largest walrus herd in Canada (over 6,000 individuals). Ringed seal and polar bear are common, with north Southampton Island as one of the highest-density polar bear denning areas in Canada.</p><br>
<p>This area is also an important summering area for the bowhead whale, beluga and narwhal. Both bowhead whales and belugas winter in the waters of northeastern Hudson Bay. Bowheads were the only known baleen whales to occur in the Hudson Bay, but recently some other species such as humpback and minke are confirmed to migrate into the waters as well.</p><br>
<p>The region is the main North American stronghold of the Sabines gull, with some 10,000 pairs nesting here. Moderate numbers of black guillemots, Arctic terns and glaucous, herring and ivory gulls also breed here. The Great Plain of the Koukdjuak on Baffin Island is the worlds largest goose nesting colony, with upwards of 1.5 million birds, 75 percent of which are lesser snow geese and the remainder Canada and brant geese. Shorebirds and ducks are also abundant. Several hundred thousand thick-billed murres breed on the cliffs of Digges Sound and Coats Island to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Status</h2><br>
<p>This region is not yet represented in the national marine conservation areas system. Studies to identify preliminary representative marine areas have yet to be undertaken.</p><br>
<p>Nares Strait  is a waterway between Ellesmere Island and Greenland that is the northern part of Baffin Bay where it meets the Lincoln Sea. From south to north, the strait includes Smith Sound, Kane Basin, Kennedy Channel, Hall Basin and Robeson Channel. During 1962–64 a 20 km by 10 km ice island drifted southward from the Lincoln Sea through the Nares and Davis Straits to the Atlantic Ocean . Nares strait has a nearly permanent current from the north, powered by the Beaufort Gyre, making it harder to traverse for ships coming from south.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, its name, from the British naval officer George Strong Nares, was agreed by the Danish (Stednavneudvalget, now Stednavnenævnet) and Canadian governments.</p><br>
<p>The strait and neighbouring waters are usually hazardous for navigation and shipping. During August, however, it is usually navigable by icebreakers. Prior to 1948, only five vessels were recorded as having successfully navigated north of Kane Basin. In 2009 the ship Arctic Sunrise made the first known June transit into the Arctic Ocean.</p><br>
<p>Hans Island, a tiny island lying within the strait, is claimed by both Denmark (on behalf of Greenland) and Canada.</p><br>
<p>Thule People reached the Nares Strait in the early 13th century, where they hunted with and traded with Vikings. Archeological remains of Thule Culture and Viking presence are found on Ruin Island.</p><br>
<p>Bryn Athyn Cathedral is the episcopal seat of The General Church of the New Jerusalem, a denomination of Swedenborgianism. The main building is of the Early Gothic style, while the adjoining structures are of a transitional period reflective of a combination of both Gothic and Norman styles. The exterior appearance of the Cathedral itself is reminiscent of Gloucester Cathedral in England.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral is located in Bryn Athyn, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania just outside the city of Philadelphia. Bryn Athyn is also the site of the General Church affiliated Academy of the New Church, which publishes Swedenborgian literature, and is the parent organization of a high school, a four-year college (Bryn Athyn College of the New Church), a divinity school, and the Emanuel Swedenborg Library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cathedral was constructed from 1913-1919. The Cathedral&#39;s initial design was by the Boston architecture firm of Ralph Adams Cram. The planning of the Cathedral began under the direction of William Fredrick Pendleton, the Bishop of the Church, and John Pitcairn, Jr., president of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company (now PPG Industries), who was the major benefactor donating the property and much of the funds to construct the cathedral.</p><br>
<p>Raymond Pitcairn, John Pitcairn&#39;s son, became involved with the project and worked with the firm of Ralph Adams Cram. As time passed, the architecture firm became less involved with the work leaving Raymond Pitcairn in charge. Mr. Pitcairn realized that the workers and artisans working on the cathedral should be directly employed by the church and that creative changes by artists and builders working together which happen during the design process should be nurtured rather than thwarted. This led to some very unorthodox construction practices. For example, rather than relying on blueprints and plans, almost every aspect of the design was made into scale models where Mr. Pitcairn and the workers could study, review and embellish their ideas before actually constructing them.</p><br>
<p>Another aspect of the cathedral which is unusual is that asymmetries and irregularities were planned into the building as it was built. This is largely the result of Raymond Pitcairn&#39;s attendance at a 1915 lecture by William Goodyear who stated that irregularities and asymmetries in medieval buildings were not errors but were carefully planned in the structures.</p><br>
<p>The stained glass windows of Bryn Athyn Cathedral are worthy of note. The medieval method of creating stained glass, namely of melting various pigment and metallic oxides into the glass itself and then having a glass blower create a disk of glass with varying degrees of thickness and brightness, was revived. The first glass was blown in 1922 and the last was created in the 1940s, however all the windows themselves were not completed till the 1960s. The windows are essentially of three designs:</p><br>
<p>Biblical figures represented in monumental scale</p><br>
<p>Medallions depicting events either in the life of Christ or the old testament prophets; and</p><br>
<p>grisaille windows of geometric design and pearl-like translucency which fill the cathedral with light.</p><br>
<p>Most of the metal in the cathedral is Monel Metal.</p><br>
<p>The Ezekiel Tower, located south of the main 150 ft tower, was built between the years 1920-1926.</p><br>
<p>The Choir Hall and Michael Tower lie to the north of the main cathedral. This addition was completed in 1929 and even though this is the last completed portion of the complex, its architecture is from the earliest period.</p><br>
<p>Right next to the college, the library and the cathedral is the Academy-affiliated Glencairn Museum. Originally the private residence of Raymond Pitcairn, this castle-like building now houses a collection of mostly religious artwork from around the world and is open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The cathedral is part of the Bryn Athyn Historic District, which was listed as a National Historic Landmark on October 7, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Nicasio Reservoir is a shallow, artificial reservoir in the Nicasio Valley region of Marin County, California, United States. It covers 845 acre and sits in a 35.9 square miles drainage basin. It was created by the construction of Seeger Dam on the Nicasio Creek in 1961. Seeger Dam is a 115 ft tall, 400 ft long earthen dam owned by the Marin Municipal Water District.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy</h2><br>
<p>The construction in the dam aroused much controversy among longtime residents of the area. The Water District forced the displacement of many farms, including the McIsaac family farm and the Tomasini Ranch, on which the majority of the reservoir sits. The controversy stems from the fact the water from the reservoir is rarely used by the Water District, that the broad and shallow nature of the reservoir leads to quick evaporation, and that the dam has blocked valuable spawning areas for endangered coho salmon and threatened steelhead trout. Construction of Seeger Dam wiped out the salmon population in Nicasio Creek. The District briefly attempted to trap salmon below the dam and transport them by truck further up Nicasio Creek and Halleck Creek. However, the effort proved unsuccessful.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>A river otter (Lontra canadensis) was collected by the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at the southwest corner of Nicasio Reservoir in January, 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational uses</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir is used for recreational purposes; mainly fishing and hiking. Largemouth bass, carp and catfish are caught in the lake. There are problems with illegal poaching.</p><br>
<p>Tell Halaf  is an archaeological site in the Al Hasakah governorate of northeastern Syria, near the Turkish border, just opposite Ceylanpınar. It was the first find of a Neolithic culture, subsequently dubbed the Halaf culture, characterized by glazed pottery painted with geometric and animal designs. The site, which dates to the 6th millennium BCE, was a Hittite ruling city at first and was later the location of the Aramaean city-state of Guzana or Gozan in the 10th century BCE. By the end of 9th century BCE the city and its surrounding area was incorporated into the Assyrian Empire. During the Syrian Civil War, People&#39;s Protection Units took control of the area.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and excavations</h2><br>
<p>The site is located near the city of Ras al-Ayn in the fertile valley of the Khabur River (Nahr al-Khabur), close to the modern border with Turkey. The name Tell Halaf is a local Aramaic placename, tell meaning "hill", and Tell Halaf meaning "made of former city&quot what its original inhabitants called their settlement is not known.</p><br>
<h3>Discovery</h3><br>
<p>In 1899, when the area was part of the Ottoman Empire, Max von Oppenheim, a German diplomat travelled through northern Mesopotamia on behalf of Deutsche Bank, working on establishing a route for the Bagdad Railway. On 19 November, he discovered Tell Halaf, following up on tales told to him by local villagers of stone idols buried beneath the sand. Within three days, several significant pieces of statuary were uncovered, including the so-called "Sitting Goddess". A test pit uncovered the entrance to the "Western Palace". Since he had no legal permit to excavate, Oppenheim had the statues he found reburied and moved on.</p><br>
<h3>Excavations by Max von Oppenheim</h3><br>
<p>According to noted archaeologist Ernst Herzfeld, he had urged Oppenheim in 1907 to excavate Tell Halaf and they made some initial plans towards this goal at that time. In August 1910, Herzfeld wrote a letter calling on Oppenheim to explore the site and had it circulated to several leading archaeologists like Theodor Noldeke or Ignaz Goldziher to sign. Armed with this letter, Max von Oppenheim was now able to ask for his dismissal from the diplomatic service (which he did on 24 October 1910) while being able to call on financing from his father for the excavation.</p><br>
<p>With a team of five archaeologists, Oppenheim planned a digging campaign that began on 5 August 1911. Substantial amounts of equipment were imported from Germany, including a small steam train. The costs totaled around 750,000 Mark and were covered by von Oppenheim&#39;s father. On arrival, the archaeologists discovered that since 1899 locals had uncovered some of the findings and heavily damaged them - in part out of superstition, in part to gain valuable building material.</p><br>
<p>During the excavations Oppenheim found the ruins of the town of Guzana (or Gozan). Significant finds included the large statues and reliefs of the so-called "Western Palace" built by King Kapara, as well as a cult room and tombs. Some of the statuary was found reused in buildings from the Hellenistic period. In addition, they discovered Neolithic pottery of a type which became known as Halaf culture after the site where it was first found. At the time, this was the oldest painted pottery ever found (together with those discovered at Samarra by Herzfeld).</p><br>
<p>In 1913, Oppenheim decided to return temporarily to Germany. The finds of Tell Halaf were left at the building he and his team had inhabited during the dig. Most of them were securely packaged and stored. The outbreak of World War I prevented Oppenheim from returning, however.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, Germany joined the League of Nations and it thus became possible for German nationals to conduct excavations in what was now the French Mandate of Syria. Preparing for new excavations, in 1927 Oppenheim again travelled to Tell Halaf. Artillery fire exchanged between Osman and French troops in the final days of the war had severely damaged the building and the archaeological findings had to be dug out of the rubble. Once again, it was found that the locals had damaged some of the stone workings. Since he had made plaster casts during the original excavation, Oppenheim was able to repair most of the damage done to the statues and orthostat reliefs. He managed to achieve a generous division of his previous finds with the French authorities. His share (about two-thirds of the total) was transported to Berlin, the rest was brought to Aleppo, where Oppenheim installed a museum that became the nucleus of today&#39;s National Museum. In 1929, he resumed excavations and the new findings were divided.</p><br>
<h3>Tell Halaf Museum, Berlin</h3><br>
<p>Attempts by Oppenheim to have his findings exhibited at the newly constructed Pergamon Museum in Berlin failed, as the museum refused to agree to Oppenheims financial demands. He thus opened his own private "Tell Halaf Museum" in an industrial complex in Berlin-Charlottenburg in July 1930. The museums concept of presenting the exhibits is considered quite modern even by today&#39;s standards.</p><br>
<p>In 1939, Oppenheim once more travelled to Syria for excavations, coming within sight of Tell Halaf. However, the French authorities refused to award him a permit to dig and he had to depart. Oppenheim also unsuccessfully tried to sell some of his finds in New York and again negotiated with the German government about the purchase of the Tell Halaf artefacts. While these negotiations continued, the Museum was hit by a British phosphorus bomb in November 1943. It burnt down completely, all wooden and limestone exhibits were destroyed. Those made from basalt were exposed to a thermal shock during attempts to fight the fire and severely damaged. Many statues and reliefs burst into dozens of pieces. Although the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin took care of the remains, months passed before all of the pieces had been recovered and they were further damaged by frost and summer heat.</p><br>
<h3>Reconstruction of the artifacts</h3><br>
<p>Stored in the cellars of the Pergamon Museum during the period of communist rule under the GDR, the remains were left untouched. After reunification, the Masterplan Museumsinsel of 1999 brought up the idea of having the Western Palace front from Tell Halaf restored. With financial support from Sal. Oppenheim and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft the Vorderasiatisches Museum engaged in its largest-scale restoration project since the reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate. From 2001 to 2010, more than 30 sculptures were reconstructed out of around 27,000 fragments. They were exhibited at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin in 2011 and at the Bundeskunsthalle Bonn in 2014. When the reconstruction of the Museumsinsel is completed around 2025, the Western Palace façade will be the entrance to the new Vorderasiatisches Museum.</p><br>
<h3>New excavations</h3><br>
<p>In 2006, new Syro-German excavations were started under the direction of Lutz Martin (Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin), Abd al-Masih Bagdo (Directorate of Antiquities Hassake), Jörg Becker (University of Halle) and Mirko Novák (University of Bern).</p><br>
<h2>Halaf culture</h2><br>
<p>Tell Halaf is the type site of the Halaf culture, which developed from Neolithic III at this site without any strong break. The Tell Halaf site flourished from about 6,100 to 5,400 BCE, a period of time that is referred to as the Halaf period. The Halaf culture was succeeded in northern Mesopotamia by the Ubaid culture. The site was then abandoned for a long period.</p><br>
<h2>Guzana</h2><br>
<p>In the 10th century BCE, the rulers of the small Aramaean kingdom Bit Bahiani took their seat in Tell Halaf, which was re-founded as Guzana. King Kapara built the so-called hilani, a palace in Neo-Hittite style with a rich decoration of statues and relief orthostats.</p><br>
<p>In 894 BCE, the Assyrian king Adad-nirari II recorded the site in his archives as a tributary Aramaean city-state. In 808 BCE, the city and its surrounding area was reduced to a province of the Assyrian Empire. The governor&#39;s seat was a palace in the eastern part of the citadel mound. Guzana survived the collapse of the Assyrian Empire and remained inhabited until the Roman-Parthian Period.</p><br>
<p>In historical times, the mound itself became the citadel of the Aramaean and Assyrian city. The lower town extended 600 m N–S and 1000 m E–W. The citadel mound housed the palaces and other official buildings. Most prominent are the so-called Hilani or "Western Palace" with its rich decor, dating back to the time of King Kapara, and the "North-Eastern Palace", the seat of the Assyrian governors. In the lower town a temple (or cult room) in Assyrian style was discovered.</p><br>
<p>The Secchia  is an Italian river. One of the main right bank tributaries of the Po, it flows through the Emilia-Romagna region in northern Italy.</p><br>
<p>It is 172 km long, and has a drainage basin with a catchment area of 2,292 km&sup2, alternating between aridity in the dry summer months and higher flows during the wet spring and autumn periods. It originates at Alpe di Succiso at an elevation of 2,017 m, close to the pass of Cerreto in the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, then it heads north, touching on the territory of Frignano, passing into the territory of the commune of Pavullo nel Frignano and reaching the Po Valley close to Sassuolo (in the province of Modena). Here it touches on the city of Modena and, with its riverbank protected by embankments, runs into the Po just south of Mantua, close to the mouth of the Mincio.</p><br>
<h2>Curiosities</h2><br>
<p>North of the Via Aemilia, the course of the river suffered many alterations; it is believed that in Roman times it flowed further west of its current location, in the direction of Cavezzo, and shifted suddenly its course eastwards, flowing into the Po at Bondeno. In 1288&ndash;1360 it was deviated to its present course, after an agreement made by the cities of Parma, Reggio Emilia, Modena, Mantua and Ferrara, which baptized, in honour of this alliance, the city located on the shores of the Secchia as Concordia sulla Secchia.</p><br>
<p>The river was called Sicla or Secia in Latin, and in Italian it is a masculine noun for the natives of Reggio Emilia (il Secchia) and a feminine one to the natives of Modena (la Secchia).</p><br>
<p>Dora Baltea or Doire Baltée ; Deura Bàotia), is a river in northern Italy. It is a left-hand tributary of the Po River and is about 170 km long.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It originates by Mont Blanc as the confluence of the Dora di Ferret, fed by the Pré de Bar Glacier in Val Ferret, and the Dora di Veny, fed by the Miage Glacier in Val Veny.</p><br>
<p>As it crosses the Aosta Valley, the Dora Baltea flows through the city of Aosta (where the Buthier runs into it) and near all the main cities of the lower Aosta Valley: Châtillon, Saint-Vincent, Verrès and Pont-Saint-Martin. After it enters Piedmont, it passes through the city of Ivrea and a good part of Canavese, gets from its right hand the waters of the Chiusella and reaches the Po at Crescentino, a little downstream from Chivasso.</p><br>
<h2>Water uses</h2><br>
<p>It is a popular place for whitewater rafting and kayaking. Early in the summer, in May and June, the rivers are usually high with snow melt from the mountains. During July, August and September the water levels are usually lower and the temperature warmer.</p><br>
<p>The Panaro is an Italian river and the final right-hand tributary to the Po, discounting the Cavo Napoleonico canal. It runs right across Emilia-Romagna in a north-easterly direction: from its source close to the Apennine watershed, where Emilia-Romagna meets Tuscany, to its outlet where the Po marks the region’s boundary with Veneto. Its Latin name was Scultenna.</p><br>
<p>It is 148 km long, with a 2,292 km&sup2; drainage basin; alternating between aridity in summer and fullness in spring and autumn.</p><br>
<p>Its principal source, the Rio delle Tagliole, rises at Foce a Giovo, Monte Rondinaio, some 12 km south-west of highest peak of the Tuscan-Emillian Apennines, Monte Cimone, elevation 2,165 m. From here it flows down the valley in a northeastern direction. At Pievepelago (in the Province of Modena) it changes name to Scoltenna, assuming in the territory of Pavullo nel Frignano finally that of Panaro. In this area it makes up the border between the communities of Montana del Frignano and Montana dell’appennino Modena Est. Close to Modena, it joins the Naviglio de Modena and becomes navigable until its confluence with the Po, a little to the west of Ferrara. It runs through Vignola, Finale Emilia and Bondeno.</p><br>
<p>Of particular historical and artistic interest is the bridge of Olina, constructed in 1522, crossing the river close to the small town of the same name, in the commune of Pavullo nel Frignano</p><br>
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<p>St Matthias  used to belong to the University of the West of England. The campus is located in the suburb of Fishponds in Bristol.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original buildings were constructed in 1851-2 by John Bevan with Jonathan Clarke, in a Gothic Revival style. The building was extended in 1903. Today it is a grade II* listed building and the lodge is listed grade II.</p><br>
<h2>Archives</h2><br>
<p>Records of the Bristol Diocesan Training College, later St Matthias&#39; College, are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. 37168) () and (Ref. BROFA/0078) ().</p><br>
<h2>Departments and courses</h2><br>
<p>St Matthias was home to departments within the faculty of Creative Arts, Humanities and Education, including:</p><br>
<p>Department of Culture, Media and Drama</p><br>
<p>Department of History, Philosophy and Politics</p><br>
<p>Department of English, Linguistics and Communication</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and facilities</h2><br>
<p>The campus has some Victorian Gothic buildings, and is set around a quad. The campus has also a refectory, a gymnasium, a Students&#39; Union bar, a library and on-site accommodation.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>As home to the department of Drama, several small theatre companies exist on the campus. The Bristol Centre for Performing Arts bases its drama group here, as does the UWE Drama Society. The Regional History Centre is also based at St Matthias, and consists primarily of members of the department of History.</p><br>
<h2>Planned closure</h2><br>
<p>The University of the West of England closed the campus in September 2014 (with operations on the site ceasing on 4 July 2014) as a part of a relocation project. The various departments of the faculty of Creative Arts, Humanities and Education from St Matthias and Bower Ashton have moved to new facilities at Frenchay campus. As part of the planned closure UWE and the UWE Students&#39; Union held a 3 day farewell party to celebrate the campus, its history, staff, ex- staff, students and alumni.</p><br>
<p>In March 2014 it was announced that, subject to planning permission, the site would be sold and redeveloped by Barratt Developments for housing and the listed buildings would become a Steiner School.</p><br>
<p>Glenside campus is the home of the Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences at the University of the West of England , Bristol. It is located on Blackberry Hill in the suburb of Fishponds. Its clocktower is a prominent landmark, visible from the M32 motorway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Bristol Lunatic Asylum</h3><br>
<p>By 1844, St Peter&#39;s Hospital for Pauper Lunatics, in what is now Castle Park, was overcrowded and not fit-for-purpose. The Corporation therefore ordered a new hospital to be built outside of the city in Stapleton. Opened in 1861, Bristol Lunatic Asylum was designed by Henry Crisp and built next to the co-located Stapleton Work House (now Blackberry Hill Hospital).</p><br>
<h3>Beaufort War Hospital</h3><br>
<p>In 1914, the hospital was requisitioned by the War Office and renamed Beaufort War Hospital. 931 patients were transferred to other asylums in the West of England, with 45 patients remaining to work in the hospital grounds. Stanley Spencer worked as a medical orderly at the Beaufort from 1915 to 1916.</p><br>
<h3>Glenside Hospital</h3><br>
<p>In 1919, following the cessation of hostilities, the hospital returned to its former mental health function. Some time before World War II it was named Glenside Mental Hospital, and with the NHS reforms of 1959 it was renamed Glenside Hospital. In 1961 patient numbers were 1,012.</p><br>
<h3>Blackberry Hill Hospital</h3><br>
<p>In January 1993, Glenside and neighbouring Manor Park Hospital merged to become the jointly named Blackberry Hill Hospital. Patients of Glenside were assessed for capability, with many placed within the Care in the Community programme, while the residual were moved into new buildings constructed on the former Manor Park site for their long term care.</p><br>
<h3>Avon and Gloucestershire College of Health</h3><br>
<p>From 1992 the hospital began closing wards, and the site was converted into the Avon and Gloucestershire College of Health in a phased programme over three years. The final patients left Glenside in 1994.</p><br>
<h3>UWE Glenside Campus</h3><br>
<p>In 1996, the Avon and Gloucestershire College of Health and Bath and the Swindon College of Health Studies joined with the University of the West of England to purchase the former Glenside site, and converted it into the UWE Faculty of Health and Social Care, currently the faculty of Health and Applied Sciences.</p><br>
<h4>Images</h4><br>
<p>The buildings on the site include several Grade II listed buildings:</p><br>
<p>(now the white entrance)</p><br>
<p>(now Glenside Museum)</p><br>
<p>(now the blue entrance)</p><br>
<h4>Museum</h4><br>
<p>The museum, founded by Dr Donal F. Early, used to be situated in the balcony of the canteen, but has since re-located to the Grade 2 listed Glenside Chapel. The museum&#39;s collection consists of a wide range of paraphernalia and images from the life of Glenside and of the local Learning Disability Hospitals of the Stoke Park Group and the Burden Neurological Institution. The museum charges no entrance fee, but depends on donations from the public, and currently opens every Wednesday 10am-12pm and Saturdays 10am-12pm.</p><br>
<h2>Archives</h2><br>
<p>Records of Glenside Hospital and the original Bristol Lunatic Asylum are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. 40513) ( online catalogue).</p><br>
<h2>Departments</h2><br>
<p>The Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences includes the following departments:</p><br>
<p>Department of Nursing and Midwifery</p><br>
<p>Department of Biological, Biomedical and Analytical Sciences</p><br>
<p>Department of Allied Health Professions</p><br>
<p>Department of Health and Social Sciences</p><br>
<p>The department hosts both the whole systems action research group Centre for Social and Organisational Learning as Action Research (SOLAR) and the Centre for Local Democracy, which is a multi Faculty research centre of the University.</p><br>
<h2>Courses</h2><br>
<p>The faculty offers full and part-time courses at all levels, from BSc and Diploma courses to MSc and PhD, plus a wide range of continuing education, in the areas of Midwifery, Nursing, Occupational Therapy, Physiotherapy, Radiography, Social Work and other health-related professions. Many students undertake placements as part of their course within the Avon, Gloucestershire & Wiltshire Strategic Health Authority.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The campus provides a range of facilities including:</p><br>
<p>Student One Stop Shop</p><br>
<p>Library</p><br>
<p>Interprofessional Simulation Suite</p><br>
<p>Human Analysis Laboratory (HAL)</p><br>
<p>Imaging Suite</p><br>
<p>Nursing Skills Simulation Suite</p><br>
<p>Information Technology suites</p><br>
<p>Learning Technologies Technical Unit</p><br>
<p>Catering Services</p><br>
<p>Simulation Crime Scene House</p><br>
<p>Toshka Lakes  is the name given to recently formed endorheic lakes in the Sahara Desert of Egypt.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Aswan High Dam, constructed in Egypt in 1964-1968, created Lake Nasser, with a maximum water level of 183 m above sea level. In 1978 Egypt began building the Sadat Canal NW from Lake Nasser through Wadi Toshka to allow water levels higher than 178 m to be drained off into a hollow at the south end of the Eocene limestone plateau. In the late 1990s, water began flowing through the Sadat Canal into the Western Desert. This feeder canal from Lake Nasser is concrete lined, to reduce seepage losses.</p><br>
<h3>Formation</h3><br>
<p>Astronauts began noticing the first, easternmost lake growing in November 1998. By late 1999, three additional lakes formed successively westward, and the westernmost lake started forming sometime between September 2000 and March 2001. These lakes are not yet named individually. In total, the Toshka Lakes cover approximately 1300 square kilometers (502 mi²). the levels of the lakes are lower than in 2001, and areas of wetlands and sand dunes have formed between the former and present shorelines. A minor lake downstream of the three larger lakes has completely dried out. The levels of the lakes vary between 175 m for the one closest Lake Nasser to 144 m for the one furthest downstreams.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The new lake system is endorheic, that is, the waters can never flow on to the sea. The Nile-sourced water creates the lakes and helps to recharge the underlying aquifer; but desert temperatures cause very high levels of evaporation. Although the new lakes already contain an impressive amount of fish, these high evaporation levels will make the waters become increasingly saline over time, reducing fish stocks and harming the newly established flora and fauna.</p><br>
<p>The Toshka Hollow lies within the seismically active Nubian Swell. The Egyptian government is developing the surrounding region, also known as the "New Valley Project". The plan is to extend the waterway to the Kharga oasis.</p><br>
<p>Use of Nile resources is governed by the Nile Basin Initiative; but the Toshka project does not breach the agreement as water is diverted from Lake Nasser only after heavy water flows upstream have raised lake levels above 178 m (see above).</p><br>
<h2>Related Projects</h2><br>
<p>Sudan&#39;s Gezira Scheme, south of Khartoum, at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile.</p><br>
<p>The Qattara Depression, north of the Kharga oasis and west of Cairo, is a large area of Egypt that lies below sea level. It has long been mooted to divert waters, either from the fresh Nile or from the saline Mediterranean Sea, to generate hydro-electric power. Much of this water would then evaporate. Ideally fresh Nile water would be used, to recharge the aquifer and to allow irrigation for agriculture; use of sea water would create a "second Dead Sea".</p><br>
<p>In May 2009 Jordan announced its plans to construct the "Jordan National Red Sea Development Project" (JRSP). This is a plan to convey seawater from the Red Sea near Aqaba to the Dead Sea. Water would be desalinated along the route to provide freshwater to Jordan, with the brine discharge sent to the Dead Sea for replenishment.</p><br>
<p>Further related projects include: (i) diverting and/or damming the River Niger to help irrigation and hydro-electric power in Mali and Niger; and (ii) diverting water from the Mediterranean Sea to form an inland sea in Tunisia&#39;s Chott Djerid salt pan, near Tozeur</p><br>
<p>Pitt Bank is a wholly submerged atoll structure in the Southwest of the Chagos Archipelago. It is almost 56 km long Northwest to Southeast, with a width between 20 and 30 km. It stretches from 06°48&#39;S to 07°16&#39;S and 071°06&#39;E to 071°36&#39;E. The total size is 1317 km, making it the second largest ocean bank in the Chagos Archipelago, after the Great Chagos Bank, and before Speakers Bank. The closest land is Île Lubine of Egmont Atoll, located 22 km northeast off the northern end of Pitt Bank. The least depth is 7 metres at the Southeastern Rim, and the deepest areas of the former lagoon reach 44 metres.</p><br>
<p>The much smaller Wight Bank is located 6 km to the SE off the southeastern tip of Pitt Bank.</p><br>
<p>This submerged atoll was named after William Pitt the Younger, who was a British Prime Minister in 1783–1801 and 1804–1806.</p><br>
<p>A buoy, marked by a radar reflector, is moored on the NW side of the bank.</p><br>
<p>Memorial Amphitheater is an outdoor amphitheater, exhibit hall, and nonsectarian chapel located in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia, in the United States. Designed in 1913 as a replacement for the older, wooden amphitheater near Arlington House, ground was broken for its construction in March 1915 and it was dedicated in May 1920. In the center of its eastern steps is the Tomb of the Unknowns, dedicated in 1921. It has served as the site for numerous Veterans Day and Memorial Day services, as well as for memorial services and funerals for many individuals.</p><br>
<h2>Building the amphitheater</h2><br>
<h3>Genesis of the amphitheater</h3><br>
<p>Arlington National Cemetery was established in 1863. Due to the growing importance of the cemetery as well as the much larger crowds attending Memorial Day observances, Brigadier General Montgomery C. Meigs (who was Quartermaster General of the United States Army) decided a formal meeting space at the cemetery was needed. A grove of close-growing trees just southwest of Arlington House Grove was cut down and a wooden amphitheater (today known as the Tanner Amphitheater) constructed in 1874.</p><br>
<p>By the early years of the 1900s, however, the Old Amphitheater had grown far too small for the large ceremonies which were held there. Judge Ivory Kimball, Commander of the Department of the Potomac chapter of the Grand Army of the Republic (or GAR, a veterans group for those who fought for the Union in the Civil War), believed that not only should a new and larger facility be built, but also that the new amphitheater represent the dead of all wars in which the nation had fought. Kimball and the GAR began their push for a new amphitheater in 1903, and sketches for the amphitheater drawn up by Frederick D. Owen, a civilian engineer working for the United States Army Corps of Engineers. But legislation failed to pass Congress in 1905, 1907, and 1908. Legislation passed in 1908 authorizing the establishment of a memorial commission, but it received only $5,000 in funding. Legislation was introduced again in 1912 by Senator George Sutherland. Sutherlands bill proposed construction of a 5,000-seat amphitheater with an underground crypt (for the burial of famous individuals) to cost no more than $750,000. Prospects for passage initially seemed dim. But during the third session of the 62nd Congress, a number of new federal memorials were approved, including the Arlington Memorial Bridge, the Lincoln Memorial, a memorial to women who served in the Civil War (now the American Red Cross National Headquarters), and a George Washington memorial auditorium. The successful push for new memorials helped supporters win the passage of legislation authorizing construction of Memorial Amphitheater. President William Howard Taft, in one of his last acts as president, signed the legislation into law on March 4, 1913.</p><br>
<p>The 1908 authorizing legislation established an Arlington Memorial Amphitheater Commission (AMAC) to oversee the design and construction of the structure. Its members included the Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, the Superintendent of the USA Capitol, Judge Kimball (as a representative of the GAR), and Charles W. Newton (as a representative of the United Spanish War Veterans, a Spanish–American War veterans group).</p><br>
<p>It immediately became apparent, however, that although Congress had authorized the expenditure of $250,000 for Memorial Amphitheater, it had not actually appropriated any such funds from the USA Treasury. This left the AMAC without any funds to conduct its business. It was not until August 1, 1914, that Congress finally appropriated money for the amphitheaters construction. Ten days later, Colonel William W. Harts of the United States Army Corps of Engineers was elected the commissions executive director. On October 12, 1914, the AMAC contracted with the New York-based architectural firm of Carrère and Hastings to design the building. The AMAC hired the George A. Fuller Co. to construct it on February 11, 1915.</p><br>
<p>There is some disagreement among sources as to who should receive the majority of credit for designing Memorial Amphitheater. Lemos, Morrison, Warren, and Hewitt specifically name Thomas Hastings, and later gave "suggestions and advice as to the form of the Memorial". Owen&#39;s significant role is made clear by the AMAC in other ways as well: He designed the memorial trowel used by President Woodrow Wilson to lay the cornerstone; he served on the reception committee for the cornerstone laying ceremony; he co-chaired the planning committee for the 1921 dedication; and he chaired the reception committee for the dedication. But the AMAC also said Carrère and Hastings prepared the plans for the building, provided the explanation of the design to the AMAC, and was named by Congress as the architects.</p><br>
<p>The AMACs composition changed somewhat after Congress amended the commissions authorizing legislation on March 3, 1915. Congress added the leader of Camp 171, United Confederate Veterans of the District of Columbia, to the commission as a full voting member.</p><br>
<h3>Construction of the amphitheater</h3><br>
<p>The site chosen for the new Memorial Amphitheater was the top of a hill about 1,000 ft south of Arlington House. A gravel pit, opened in the mid-1800s, existed there previously.</p><br>
<p>Ground for Memorial Amphitheater was broken on March 1, 1915. President Woodrow Wilson laid its cornerstone in a ceremony on October 13, 1915. A copper box placed in a hollowed out section of the cornerstone contained a copy of the United States Constitution, a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence, the Bible, the flag of the United States, one each of every coin and postage stamp then in circulation, a Congressional directory, a telephone directory of the District of Columbia, an autographed photograph of President Wilson, and several items connected with Arlington National Cemetery. Kimball participated in the ground-breaking and cornerstone ceremonies, but did not live to see the amphitheater completed: He died on May 15, 1916.</p><br>
<p>Excavation of the foundation was complete by the end of June 1915. Concrete foundations had also been laid and cured, and most of the brick foundation was in place as well. Most of the amphitheater&#39;s foundation was complete by June 30, 1916. The foundation included 629,000 bricks, 24 ST of structural steel, and 21,644 cubic yards of marble (for the exterior of the structure). The Guastavino tile system, patented in 1885, was used to create arches and vaults in the basement. More than 2,500 ft&sup2; of this tile were used. The heating, clean water, and sewage systems were also complete. The Corps of Engineers also finished the architectural drawings for the approaches around the amphitheater as well, and was ready to start work on them.</p><br>
<p>A major design changed also occurred in June 1915. Originally, plans for the amphitheater called for wooden balustrades, plaster moldings, cement floors and ceilings, and wooden doors. But on June 26, all of these materials were changed to marble. The total cost of the changes was $41,000.</p><br>
<p>Work on the amphitheater slowed in mid-1916 and throughout 1917 due to a lack of high quality marble available for the work. Severe winter weather also meant that work on the approaches did not begin until late June 1917. The amphitheater was supposed to have neared completion on February 15, 1917, but these lengthy delays meant that the construction schedule was extended for a full year. The amphitheater was also proving to be much more costly than expected. Bids from contractors were all far above what the Corps of Engineers expected, but work went ahead anyway. By June 30, 1917, much of the amphitheater and its colonnade were done. Another 35,140 cuft of marble had been placed for the columns, and 11,856 cuft of concrete and 26 ST of structural steel were used to support them. Skylights and ornamental ironwork stairs were in place, and ornamental plastering and marble carving had begun.</p><br>
<p>The amphitheater, chapel, and most of the entrance hall were finished in 1918. The entrance hall was built with red brick (257,100 of them), and clad in 57,711 cuft of marble. Another in 1,060 cuft of marble were used for interior columns. The extent to which marble was used was eye-opening: 4,790 ft&sup2; for flooring, 4,694 ft&sup2; for stairs, 1,272 ft&sup2; for door and window frames, and 2,033 ft of moldings. The eastern steps consumed 4,526 ft&sup2; of concrete. The interior was decorated with ornamental plaster, terra cotta partitions, terrazzo flooring, bronze doors and grillwork, ornamental ironwork railings and stairs, and glazed tile. While more than $7,000 ($161,500 in 2013 inflation-adjusted USA dollars) was spent on carving for the amphitheater, just $2,933 was spent for carving on the inside and outside of the entrance hall.</p><br>
<p>The advent of World War I had a significant impact on the construction of Memorial Amphitheater. The United States entered the war in April 1917, and by spring 1918 American troops were arriving in Europe. Most skilled workers were diverted to the war effort, although artisans (such as marble carvers) were still available. The Corps of Engineers was able to obtain, after lengthy delays, the high-quality marble it needed for the approaches from the island of Vinalhaven, Maine.</p><br>
<p>By June 1918, nearly all of Memorial Amphitheater&#39;s exterior was complete. The interior work on the chapel and the first-floor reception hall was also done, leaving only the basement-level kitchen storage areas and the second-floor offices to be worked on. Construction of the concrete floor of the amphitheater also was under way.</p><br>
<p>Interior work on Memorial Amphitheater ended in June 1919. The remainder of the basement rooms and all of the second floor were now finished, too. All that remained to be done was decoration of the chapel ceiling, some interior and exterior inscriptions, and installation of lighting fixtures. The Corps of Engineers was also ready to connect the water and sewer lines, grade the grounds and roads, and install plantings and sod. During the next nine months, these items were all finished, and the interior painted. The masonry approaches were also completed, and the roadways and sidewalks paved. The G.B. Mullin Co. did the landscape design and work, which involved replanting 20 cedar trees around the three amphitheater entrances. The total cost of the structure and its grounds was $810,812. In total, 87,000 cuft of Mountain White marble from the Danby quarries of Vermont were used in its construction.</p><br>
<p>Memorial Amphitheater was dedicated on May 15, 1920. The Corps of Engineers turned it over to the Quartermaster General&#39;s office on July 1.</p><br>
<h2>About Memorial Amphitheater</h2><br>
<p>Memorial Amphitheater was designed by Thomas Hastings to be the center of a biaxial grouping of landscape features and monuments that included the USS Maine Mast Memorial in the west, the Spanish–American War Memorial to the south, and a formal Italianate garden to the east. Greek Revival, Romanesque Revival, and Renaissance decorative elements are used throughout the structure. Ulysses Ricci designed the various friezes, ornamental devices, and decorative elements of the amphitheater and entrance hall. Hastings said he wanted Memorial Amphitheater to be the building he was most remembered by.</p><br>
<p>As constructed, Memorial Amphitheater consisted of an elliptical outdoor amphitheater that sat 4,000.</p><br>
<p>The amphitheater is surrounded by a colonnade, with main entrances at the east and west axes. but rest on an Attic base. The second level of the stage has a podium. The stage and amphitheater are designed so that any speaker must look down at the klismos chair while addressing the audience, and must look at the USS Maine Mast Memorial if looking up. The third and uppermost level of the stage contains a semi-circular seating area for about 100 people and an apse in the back. The interior dome of the apse is richly carved, and the square pilasters on either side of the stage list the names of famous American generals (left, as you face the stage) and admirals (right) from the American Revolutionary War through the Spanish–American War. A quote from President Abraham Lincolns Gettysburg Address is inscribed above the stage: "We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain." Decorative 9 ft tall urns carved with eagles, rams heads, and snakes were placed on pedestals in niches on either side of the stage.</p><br>
<p>Above the west entrance of the amphitheater is a quote from the Roman poet Horace: "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori" ("It is sweet and fitting to die for one&#39;s country"). Under the colonnade are 300 crypts, which were intended for the burial of important people.</p><br>
<p>In the basement (or ground floor, if approached from the west) beneath the amphitheater stage is a chapel. This domed structure was designed to seat 150, and has a raised ambulatory around the edges.</p><br>
<p>As originally designed, the main entrance was in the east through the doors of the cruciform entrance hall. The entrance hall is not connected internally with the amphitheater. Stairways, bridges, and short corridors on the outside of the entrance hall provide access to the stage in the amphitheater. In 1929, the main floor became a Memorial Exhibit Hall displaying honors received by the unknown soldiers lying beneath the Tomb of the Unknowns, and the second floor became offices.</p><br>
<p>Steps lead from the main doors of the entrance hall down to a small plaza. Hastings designed a series of short steps to lead from the plaza down to a landing, and then a series of monumental steps to lead from the landing to the eastern formal garden below. In the center of the short steps was a pedestal for a statue. No artwork was ever placed there. This pedestal was later removed, and the Tomb of the Unknowns took its place in 1921. The planned monumental steps leading down to the formal garden were not built when Memorial Amphitheater was dedicated. A retaining wall with false arches was constructed instead.</p><br>
<p>A roadway was designed to cross the plaza and circle the entire structure.</p><br>
<h2>History of Memorial Amphitheater</h2><br>
<h3>Construction of the monumental stairs</h3><br>
<p>On March 4, 1921, the Congress approved the construction of a memorial to an unidentified American serviceman from World War I to be placed in the stairs leading up from the east landing to the plaza in front of Memorial Amphitheater. An unknown soldier was identified and brought back from France, and interred inside a small marble tomb on Armistice Day on November 11, 1921. To construct the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (as it was then informally called), the pedestal for the memorial statue envisioned in Hastings design was removed. Workers dug 20 ft down into the earth behind the retaining wall. At this level, concrete footings 16 ft long by 9 ft wide were constructed. The earthen walls were reinforced with a burial vault consisting of concrete walls 7 ft thick at the bottom, narrowing to just 2 ft thick at the top. A hollow rectangular plinth was constructed on top of the vault walls, above which was a slightly smaller hollow marble base. On top of the marble base was a rectangular capstone with curved sides, which was also pierced through the center. A 2 in deep layer of soil brought from France along with the unknown soldiers body lined the bottom of the burial vault. After the unknown soldier was lowered into the vault and rested on the soil below, the capstone was sealed with a marble lid.</p><br>
<p>Additional changes to the east front came within just a few years. On July 3, 1926, Congress authorized the completion of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier with an appropriate memorial. A design by architect Lorimer Rich and sculptor Thomas Hudson Jones was selected on December 10, 1928. The Lorimer/Hudson design, like nearly all the other submissions, anticipated removing the retaining wall below the tomb and building the monumental staircase first envisioned by Thomas Hastings. Congress agreed with this revision, and on February 28, 1929, authorized construction of the stairs, new road and pedestrian approaches, alterations to the formal gardens, and a new overlook. The Construction Division of the Quartermaster General&#39;s office oversaw the work, which was performed by the Hegman-Harris Company of New York City.</p><br>
<h3>1956 renovation and expansion of the tomb</h3><br>
<p>Little additional work was done at Memorial Amphitheater until 1954. By then, settling of the amphitheater and entrance hall, cracking of walls and exterior marble, water damage, and other serious problems were beginning to affect the structure. Congress appropriated $15,000 for fiscal 1954 (which began June 30, 1953) for a year-long study of the problems. A preliminary estimate indicated that repairs would cost $179,000. But the finished study identified even more serious issues, almost all of which were caused by design deficiencies which did not take into account the seasonal expansion and contraction of the building&#39;s marble. Arlington National Cemetery officials were forced to ask Congress for $447,000 to repair the amphitheater and $179,000 to repair the entrance building. Congress approved the request.</p><br>
<p>A second major change was made to the plaza in 1958. President Dwight Eisenhower signed legislation in August 1956 to allow the interment of unidentified remains for soldiers from World War II and the Korean War at the Tomb of the Unknowns. Two new burial vaults, to the northwest and southwest, were dug in the plaza before the eastern entrance hall. Carved into the granite in front of the tomb sarcophagus were the dates "1917-1918". The Korean War unknown was interred in the northwest vault beneath a slab with the dates "1950-1953" carved into its western edge. The World War II unknown was interred in the southwest vault beneath a slab with the dates "1941-1945" carved into its western edge. The cover slabs of both new vaults were flush with the plaza. The two unknowns were interred on Memorial Day on May 30, 1958.</p><br>
<p>In August, 1960, Congress abolished the Arlington Memorial Amphitheater Commission and transferred its duties to the Secretary of Defense. Although the commission had long ago fulfilled its basic mission of the construction of Memorial Amphitheater, it still had the legal authority to approve the placement of plaques, markers, and other commemorations on the inside, on the exterior, or on the grounds of the structure.</p><br>
<p>On May 24, 1964, Memorial Amphitheater was the site of a late-afternoon ceremony celebrating the 100th anniversary of the founding of Arlington National Cemetery. During its 50th year anniversary in 1969, the American Legion, along with the donated an exterior lighting system so that Memorial Amphitheater and the Tomb of the Unknowns could remain lit at night. In the midst of ceremonies also marking the 50th anniversary of the Paris Caucus – President Richard Nixon formally took possession of the lighting system in the nation’s name, flipping the switch that turned the lights on.</p><br>
<h3>1974 renovation</h3><br>
<p>Additional physical plant problems appeared at Memorial Amphitheater in 1965. The retaining walls adjacent to the east plaza began cracking vertically, and extensive horizontal cracks and spalling were found on the Tomb of the Unknowns as well. Additional damage occurred over the next five years. Congress then appropriated $522,000 in fiscal year 1972 to repair these problems as well as provide yet another renovation of the exhibit hall. By this time, attendance at Arlington National Cemetery had soared with the construction of the John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame in 1967 and the addition of the grave of Robert F. Kennedy in 1971. To accommodate the much larger crowds wishing to see the Tomb of the Unknowns, Congress appropriated an additional $478,000 in fiscal 1972 to widen pedestrian walkway approaches to accommodate the larger crowds. To make Memorial Amphitheater more accessible for the disabled, steep slopes around the structure were eliminated and steps were replaced with ramps. Congress appropriated an additional $3 million in 1974, to bring the construction project&#39;s total to $4 million. The extra funds paid for widening of the steps and portico in front of the east entrance — increasing the number of people who could view the changing of the guard at the tomb to 800 individuals from 200. In addition, the tomb honor guard received new guard posts on the plaza in front of the amphitheater.</p><br>
<p>The mid-1970s widening of the Memorial Amphitheater portico, reconstruction of the pedestrian approaches, and repairs to the plaza around the Tomb of the Unknowns represented the first major construction at the site since 1920.</p><br>
<h3>Dedications and adding memorials</h3><br>
<p>An attempt to dedicate the chapel at Memorial Amphitheater occurred in 1977. The National Cemetery Act of 1973 required the Secretary of Defense to locate unidentified remains of a Vietnam War veteran, construct a vault for these remains at the Tomb of the Unknowns, and inter the remains there. The vault was constructed between the World War II and Korean War vaults on the plaza, and a marble slab with the word "VIETNAM" inscribed on it placed over the empty burial shaft. By 1977, many remains had been located, but all of them were subsequently identified. Vietnam veterans and their supporters, concerned that no unidentified remains would ever be located, pushed to have the chapel in Memorial Amphitheater dedicated to veterans who served in Southeast Asia from 1958 to 1975. Legislation to require the change was introduced in Congress, but most legislators felt that if the chapel were to be dedicated it should be to all veterans. The legislation did not pass, and the chapel remained nameless.</p><br>
<p>On Veterans Day in 1978, President Jimmy Carter dedicated a plaque inside the exhibit hall which honored Vietnam War veterans. Two temporary plaques in the exhibit hall were dedicated by Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger on Memorial Day in 1983. One plaque commemorated military personnel who died in the Vietnam War, and the second explained why no Vietnam War unknown had been interred at the Tomb of the Unknowns.</p><br>
<h3>1995–1996 renovations and controversy</h3><br>
<p>Extensive additional renovations in the amphitheater were made in the mid-1990s. Congress appropriated $4.82 million in fiscal 1992 to repair rainwater damage and fix leaks, and an additional $4.5 million in fiscal 1993 to restore damaged marble. Although the project was planned for completion in July 1995, a six-month delay occurred because of protests regarding the way the contracts were awarded. Bids for the project came in much lower than anticipated, creating $2.7 million in savings. The Army used $34,405 to make whole the bidder who had protested the improper contract award. About $1.4 million of these savings were used to build new wheelchair access ramps and improve access to the amphitheater for handicapped or disabled individuals. The remaining $1.3 million were used to build a columbarium at the cemetery. The repairs included installation of new waterproof membranes; removing water and rust stains; patching and repainting cement, marble, and stone; replacement of all deteriorated marble sculptures, balusters, and benches; replacement of worn and rusted iron railings and drinking fountains; replacement of worn and broken flagstone walkways; and installation of new and upgraded signage and trash containers. These repairs and improvements were almost complete by the end of March 1996.</p><br>
<p>Clark Construction Group, which was the general contractor for these renovations, received an Excellence in Construction Award from the D.C./Virginia chapter of the Associated Builders and Contractors for the outstanding quality of its work.</p><br>
<p>Controversy about the renovation erupted in January 2011, however, when original decorative urns from the 1995–1996 renovation turned up at auction. The two 9 ft tall urns, sculpted by Ulysses Ricci, formerly stood on either side of the stage in the amphitheater. Omni Construction, one of Clark Constructions subcontractors, was assigned to dispose of the urns. Omni turned the urns over to Pagliaro Brothers Stone of Upper Marlboro, Maryland. Pagliaro Brothers Stone said they did not have records about the urns ultimate fate, but in 1997 the urns ended up in the hands of an unidentified antiques dealer. The dealer sold them to DHS Designs, an antique shop in Queenstown, Maryland. The urns (priced at $125,000) never sold, and in 2010 the owner of DHS Designs closed his store and put the urns up for auction. Potomack Company, the Alexandria, Virginia, auction house assigned to handle the urns, advertised them in December 2010—which brought the urns to the attention of preservationists in the D.C. area. According to unnamed preservationist experts interviewed by The Washington Post, the historic urns should have been restored or placed in a museum—not donated to private owners for sale. The USA Army, which manages Arlington National Cemetery, said it could not find the 1995 renovation contract and was unable to say what provisions for the urns&#39; disposal had been made nor whether federal property and preservation agencies had been consulted before the urns were replaced.</p><br>
<p>Within a week of press reports about the sale, Arlington National Cemetery officials said that Clark Construction had been instructed to preserve the urns. These instructions met the requirements of Virginia law, which forbade the discard of historic artifacts. Alerted to the sale by The Washington Post, the Army asked Potomack Company to postpone the sale pending investigation of ownership.</p><br>
<p>On January 24, 2011, DHS Designs returned the urns at no cost to Arlington National Cemetery. The Army did not say whether it would display the urns at the cemetery or move them to another Army museum.</p><br>
<h3>2012 renovation</h3><br>
<p>In 1999, moisture damage to the ceiling in the Memorial Amphitheater chapel wore away a hole, which allowed water to begin dripping into the chapel.</p><br>
<p>The plaza of Memorial Amphitheater was altered once more in 1999. The unidentified remains of a Vietnam War servicemember were interred in the Vietnam War vault at the Tomb of the Unknowns on May 28, 1984. But questions were raised in 1994 that indicated the Army (under pressure from the Reagan administration to placate veterans groups by finding a Vietnam War unknown) ignored evidence that the remains could be identified. After extensive media attention, the Vietnam War unknown was exhumed from the Tomb of the Unknowns on May 14, 1998. DNA testing revealed on June 30, 1998, that the remains were those of United States Air Force 1st Lieutenant Michael Blassie. On September 16, 1999, the marble slab over the now-empty burial vault was replaced by a new slab in a ceremony overseen by Secretary of Defense William Cohen. The new slab was inscribed with the words "Honoring and Keeping Faith with Americas Missing Servicemen." Department of Defense officials decided to replace the old slab with a new one given how unlikely it was that unidentified Vietnam War remains would ever be found. Covering the vault to make it appear as if it did not exist was rejected.</p><br>
<p>By 2000, the east entrance hall at Memorial Amphitheater was suffering water damage and other problems yet again. Congress appropriated $800,000 in fiscal year 2001 to identify what fixes might be needed. Repairs were made in 2006, which included ameliorating water damage in the basement, first floor, and second floor; repairing and improving roof and exterior drainage; and installing new waterproofing and drains to prevent flooding in the basement women&#39;s restroom and chapel.</p><br>
<p>Additional repairs to the walkways around Memorial Amphitheater were made in 2012. In the wake of the Arlington National Cemetery mismanagement controversy of 2008-2011, Arlington National Cemetery officials discovered that more than $32.6 million in funds for cemetery improvements, maintenance, and operations had gone unspent. A portion of these funds were used to replace approximately 230,000 ft&sup2; of the flagstone walkway around Memorial Amphitheater and to replace fire alarm systems in the east entrance hall.</p><br>
<h3>Famous funerals and services at the amphitheater</h3><br>
<p>Memorial Amphitheater has been the site of numerous Memorial Day and Veterans Day ceremonies. Every American President except Woodrow Wilson has visited the building since it was dedicated in 1921. Although the structure was dedicated during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson, Wilson suffered a massive stroke on October 2, 1919, from which he never recovered. He never visited Memorial Amphitheater or the Tomb of the Unknowns during the remainder of his presidency, or his life. (Wilson died on February 3, 1924.) President Warren G. Harding was the first sitting president to visit Memorial Amphitheater, which he did on Memorial Day on May 30, 1921. President Harding was the first President to visit the Tomb of the Unknowns, as he was present during its dedication in November 1921. Harding was also the first president to speak in the Memorial Amphitheater before laying a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknowns, which he did on Memorial Day on May 30, 1923. Harding attended a service in the amphitheater on Memorial Day in May 1922, but did not speak or lay a wreath. He laid a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknowns on Veterans Day in November 1922, but did not speak in the amphitheater. On June 1, 1923, Colonel Charles Young (United States Army), The United States Military&#39;s first African American Colonel, became the fourth soldier honored with a funeral service at Arlington Memorial Amphitheater. He had died the previous year with serving as an attaché in Africa.</p><br>
<p>While memorial services in Memorial Amphitheater are common, the amphitheater has also hosted the funerals of many famous Americans. The first funeral to be held in the amphitheater was that of Moses Jacob Ezekiel, the artist who sculpted the Confederate Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery. Other funerals held in the amphitheater since then include those of General of the Armies John J. "Black Jack" Pershing, General of the Air Force Henry H. "Hap" Arnold, Secretary of Defense James Forrestal, and Antarctic explorer and Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd. A funeral service for the unidentified remains of 30 victims of the September 11 attacks on The Pentagon was held at Memorial Amphitheater in 2002. It was the first time the amphitheater had held such a service since the interment of an unknown member of the armed forces representing Vietnam War dead in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Frank Buckles, the last American veteran of World War I, lay in state in the Memorial Amphitheater Chapel in 2011.</p><br>
<p>An Easter sunrise service has been held at Memorial Amphitheater every year since 1931. The first such service was held in 1931 and organized by the Knights Templar, a group of Freemasons. Music was provided by the United States Marine Band. President Herbert Hoover attended the service, along with several thousand people. Along with Memorial Day and Veterans Day ceremonies, it is one of the annual and most well-attended events in the amphitheater.</p><br>
<p>Infobox country</p><br>
<p>Wallis (Wallisian: Uvea) is a Polynesian island in the Pacific Ocean belonging to the French overseas collectivity (collectivité d&#39;outre-mer, or COM) of Wallis and Futuna. It lies north of Tonga, northeast of Fiji, east-northeast of the Hoorn islands, east of Fiji&#39;s Rotuma, southeast of Tuvalu, southwest of Tokelau and west of Samoa. Its area is almost 100 km with almost 11,000 people. Its capital is Matāutu. Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion. Its highest point is Mount Lulu Fakahega (131 m). Wallis is of volcanic origin with fertile soil and some remaining lakes. Rainfall is plentiful.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island has an area of 77,5 km² and a circumference of c. 50 km. Its highest point is Mount Lulu Fakahega (131 m). There are also a handful of large lakes such as Lake Lalolalo, a sign of the islands volcanic origin, some of them almost perfect circles and with straight vertical walls, like Lalolalo, Lanutavake.</p><br>
<p>Wallis Island is located 240 km northeast of Futuna and Alofi islands which form the Hoorn archipelago. Together with some 15 smaller islands surrounding it, on its huge barrier reef, it forms the Wallis archipelago. Wallis has a fertile volcanic soil and sufficient rainfall to allow subsistence farming.</p><br>
<p>Wallis is subdivided into three districts (north to south):</p><br>
<p>Hihifo: 5 Villages: Vailala, Tufuone, Vaitupu, Malae, and Alele.</p><br>
<p>Hahake: 6 Villages: Liku, Akaaka, Mata-Utu, Ahoa, Falaleu, and Haafuasia.</p><br>
<p>Mu&#39;a: 10 Villages: Lavegahau, Tepa, Gahi, Ha’atofo, Mala’efo’ou, Kolopo, Halalo, Utufua, Vaimalau, and Teesi.</p><br>
<p>Sub-equatorial oceanic trade winds make the island hot and humid. The average temperature is around 26 &deg;C all year round and there is almost never drops below 24 &deg;C, and in the rainy season is held in the mark 28 -.</p><br>
<p>Rainfall is 2500–3000 mm per year, up to 4,000 mm in Wallis and Futuna. This rain is likely at least 260 days in a year, and the humidity is 80%. The rainy season lasts from November to April. The same period (November to March), the season of storms, is associated with the passage over the territory of the islands of powerful tropical cyclones. It is followed, in May to October–December, by a cooler and drier season because of the predominance in this period of the southeast trade winds.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological excavations have identified sites on Wallis dating from circa 1400 AD. It was part of the Tongan maritime empire from around the 13th to 16th century. By that time the influence of the Tui Tonga had declined so much that Uvea became important in itself. Several current, high-ranking Tongan titles, like Halaevalu, trace their descent from Uvea. A legendary large canoe, the Lomipeau, was built on the island as a donation to the Tui Tonga. The big fortress of Talietumu close to Lotoalahi in Mua was the last holdout of the Tongans until they were defeated. The ruins of the place are still a tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>The island was renamed "Wallis" after a Cornish navigator, Captain Samuel Wallis, who discovered it while sailing the on 16 August 1767, following his discovery of Tahiti.</p><br>
<p>On 5 April 1842, the authorities of Wallis Island requested protection by France with a protectorate treaty signed in April 1887.</p><br>
<p>During World War II the island&#39;s administration was pro-Vichy until a Free French corvette from New Caledonia deposed the regime on 26 May 1942. Units of the US Marine Corps landed on Wallis on 29 May 1942.</p><br>
<p>After a referendum in 1959, Wallis became a French Overseas Territory in 1961.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The population of the island was 10,071 in 2003 (67% of the territory&#39;s population). Most of the inhabitants speak Uvean (or Wallisian) as their mother tongue.</p><br>
<h2>Culture and religion</h2><br>
<p>Religion ("Lotu") and culture ("Aga&#39;ifenua") are very close in Wallis. Everyday life is heavily influenced by Polynesian traditions and especially by the Roman Catholic feasts. Each village has its own patron saint. Each district has its great church. The chief cathedral is the Cathedral of Mata-Utu. Almost all the people are Roman Catholic ("Lotu Katolika"), and there are numerous religious buildings on the island.</p><br>
<p>At their arrival, Catholic missionaries were welcomed by the King Vaimua Lavelua then baptized "Soane-Patita Vaimua". Bishop Bataillon developed close relationships with the royal families. As Private Councillor of Queen Amelia, he established in 1847 the Lano Seminary (the first Catholic seminary of Oceania).</p><br>
<p>Lano celebrated 150 years in 1997. The anniversary was attended by Samoan Cardinal Pio Taofinu&#39;u, who studied there in the 1940s, and a big delegation from Tonga, Samoa, Fiji and New-Caledonia.</p><br>
<p>Wallis and Futuna was established as an Apostolic Vicariate on 11 November 1935 and promoted to a Diocese on 21 June 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The only commercial flights that go to Wallis are operated by the New Caledonia-based Aircalin. There is an Aircalin office in Matāutu in Hahake.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>The island has 12 primary schools, four junior high schools, and one senior high school/sixth-form college.</p><br>
<p>Junior high schools (collèges) in Wallis: Mataotama de Malae, Alofivai de Lano, Vaimoana de Lavegahau, and Tinemui de Teesi</p><br>
<p>The senior high school/sixth-form college is Lycée d&#39;Etat de Wallis et Futuna on Wallis</p><br>
<p>Doliana  is a community of the municipality North Kynouria, in eastern Arcadia, Greece. It consists of the villages Ano Doliana, Dragouni, Kato Doliana, Kouvlis, Prosilia and Rouneika. The population of the community is 846 . The largest village of the community is Kato Doliana with 595 inhabitants which is considered a traditional settlement. It partly serves as the winter residence of the population of Ano Doliana.</p><br>
<p>Kato Doliana is situated on the left bank of the river Tanos, on the south slopes of mountain Zavitsa. Particularly interesting are the natural caves that have formed due to the erosion of the terrain caused by the flow of the river. In Kato Doliana, with its very good climate and its impressive olive plantation, the visitor will find traditional coffee shops and tavernas. In the area, apart from the Villa of Herodes Atticus at Eva, one can also visit the ancient settlements of Kourmeki and Tsiorovos and the Byzantine Women&#39;s Monastery of Loukou.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Inishturk  is an inhabited island of County Mayo, in Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island lies about 15 km off the coast; its highest point reaches 189.3 m above sea level. Between Inisturk and Clare Island lies Caher Island. It has a permanent population of 58 people. There are two main settlements, both on the more sheltered eastern end of the island, Ballyheer and Garranty. Bellavaun and Craggy are abandoned settlements. The British built a Martello tower on the western coast during the Napoleonic Wars. Inisturk has the highest per capita donation rate towards the RNLI in the whole of Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Inishturk has been inhabited on and off since 4,000 BCE and has been inhabited permanently since at least 1700.</p><br>
<p>Some of the more recent inhabitants are descended from evacuees from Inishark to the southwest. The social club Mountain Common is situated on the hill that separates the two settlements.</p><br>
<h3>Recent history</h3><br>
<p>In 1993 Inishturk Community centre was opened, this community centre doubles as a library and a pub.</p><br>
<p>In June 2014 the ESB commissioned three new Broadcrown BCP 110-50 100kVA diesel generators to supply electricity to the island The ESB have operated a diesel power station on the island since the 1980s</p><br>
<p>Inishturk gained international attention in 2016 after a number of websites claimed that the island would welcome any American "refugees" fleeing a potential Donald Trump presidency. These claims were used as one example of the type of "fake news" that arose during the 2016 US presidential election campaign. As of November 2016, no changes to inward migration have been reported.</p><br>
<p>The island is home to a primary school on the island which in 2011 had only 3 pupils, this believed to be the smallest primary school in Ireland</p><br>
<h3>Demographics</h3><br>
<p>The table below reports data on Inisturk&#39;s population taken from Discover the Islands of Ireland (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and the Census of Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Prior to 1997 there was no scheduled ferry service and people traveled to and from the islands using local fishing boats. Since then a ferry service operates from Roonagh Quay, Louisburgh, County Mayo.</p><br>
<p>The pier was constructed during the 1980s by the Irish government, around this time the roads on the island were paved.</p><br>
<p>The Washington State Capitol or Legislative Building in Olympia is the home of the government of the state of Washington. It contains chambers for the Washington State Legislature and offices for the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state and treasurer and is part of a campus consisting of several buildings. Buildings for the Washington Supreme Court, executive agencies and the Washington Governor&#39;s Mansion are part of the capitol campus.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After Olympia became capital city of the Washington Territory in 1853, the citys founder, Edmund Sylvester, gave the legislature 12 acres of land upon which to build the capitol, located on a hill overlooking what is now known as Capitol Lake. A two-story wood-frame building was constructed on the site, where the legislature met starting in 1854. When President Benjamin Harrison approved Washingtons state constitution in 1889, he donated 132,000 acres of federal lands to the state with the stipulation that income from the lands was to be used solely for construction of the state capitol.</p><br>
<p>The legislature formed the State Capitol Commission in 1893 to oversee the creation of a new capitol on the property in Olympia. The commission had a nationwide competition to find an architect and chose the submission of Ernest Flagg. Construction began on Flagg&#39;s plan, but was soon stalled by poor economic conditions with only the foundation completed. When the legislature finally approved an appropriation of additional funds in 1897, newly elected Governor John Rogers vetoed it. Rogers advocated the purchase of the existing Thurston County Courthouse in downtown Olympia, now known as the "Old Capitol" and home to the Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction. The legislature approved the new location and began meeting there in 1905.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse became the location of all agencies of the state government and within a few years the legislature decided the building was too small and a new State Capitol Commission convened in 1911. This time, the commission was interested in constructing a group of buildings to serve as the capitol rather than a single facility and selected the design submitted by the company Walter Wilder and Harry White. Wilder and White’s designs were influenced by the Olmsted brothers who served as consultants from 1911 to 1912 and designed and supervised the landscaping for the campus from 1927 to 1931. Construction of the campus began in 1912, and the Temple of Justice was completed in 1920, followed by the Insurance Building and the power and heating plant. After multiple revisions of the plans, the Legislative Building was completed in 1928. Additional buildings on the campus were constructed during the next several decades.</p><br>
<p>The Capitol Campus was placed on the National Register of Historic Districts in 1974 and contains or contributes to some of the most valued views in the State including the Olympic Mountains, Puget Sound, Mt. Rainier, the Capitol Dome and the Capitol Group of buildings on the hill. The design of the Capitol Campus is a grand example of the City Beautiful style of the Progressive era of the early 20th Century</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Located on the campus are the Legislative Building, Temple of Justice, John A. Cherberg Senate office building, Irv Newhouse Senate office building, Insurance Building, John L. O&#39;Brien House office building, Joel M. Pritchard Building, and several other office buildings. The Capitol Conservatory, built in 1939 by the Works Progress Administration, housed various types of flora until it was permanently closed on September 5, 2008. The campus also hosts many veterans’ memorials.</p><br>
<p>The state seal, which is featured throughout the buildings on the state flag, tapestries, railing, door handles and elsewhere, was designed by Olympia Jeweler Charles Talcot by making two circles and putting a two-cent stamp of George Washington in the middle. There is even a bronze version of the seal in the floor of the rotunda. Over time, George Washington’s nose has worn down due to foot traffic on it and it is now roped-off to prevent further damage.</p><br>
<h3>Legislative Building</h3><br>
<p>The Legislative Building houses the chambers of the Washington State Legislature and offices of several elected officials. This building is the dominant feature of the capitol grounds, with its dome 287 ft high, making it the tallest self-supporting masonry dome in the United States, and fifth tallest in the world, surpassed only by St. Peters Basilica in Rome, St. Pauls Cathedral in London, Global Vipassana Pagoda in Mumbai, and Santa Maria Del Fiore in Florence. A number of features in the structure commemorating Washington’s addition to the Union as the 42nd state—42 steps lead to the building’s North entrance and one of the four 42-star flag owned by the state is displayed in the State Reception Room. Flags with this number of stars were never official because of the admission of Idaho shortly after Washington.</p><br>
<p>The building has a rectangular footprint and is constructed of brick and concrete and faced on the exterior with limestone quarried from Wilkeson, Washington. The structure consists of four floors with the dome at the center that reaches a height of 287 ft on the exterior and 175 ft from the floor. The first floor is within the raised base and houses offices. The second and third floors are surrounded by Doric columns and capped with a cornice that encircles the building. The fourth floor is covered with a gabled roof that is situated behind the cornice on the third floor. On the north facade, the entrance is in a portico framed by eight Corinthian columns reached by 42 granite steps. A similar portico is on the south facade but it covers a vehicle ramp to the lower level instead of steps. The dome is surrounded by four small sandstone domes and capped by a lantern and lightning rod. The floors and many interior walls are covered by Alaskan marble and marble from Belgium, France, Germany, Italy are used in other parts of the interior.</p><br>
<p>All lamps and Roman fire pots in the rotunda were made by Louis Comfort Tiffany, son of Charles Lewis Tiffany, founder of Tiffany and Company. These comprise the largest collection of Tiffany bronze in the world and Tiffany’s last large commission before his death in 1933. The 10,000 lb chandelier above the rotunda is suspended 50 ft above the floor by a 101 ft chain and measures 25 ft tall. It could fit a full-size Volkswagen Beetle if put in sideways and features life-size faces, human figures, and 202 lights.</p><br>
<p>The Legislative Building is also home to a large brass bust of George Washington. Over time, the nose on the bust has become shiny from visitors rubbing it for good luck.</p><br>
<h3>Other buildings</h3><br>
<p>Facing the Legislative Building is the Temple of Justice, home to the State Supreme Court and the State Law Library. Until 1924, the unused boiler and coal rooms located under the Temple of Justice housed the Division of Highways Testing Laboratory, which would later become the Department of Transportation Materials Laboratory.</p><br>
<p>The Governors Mansion is located immediately west of the Legislative Building. Built before the rest of the capitol campus in 1908, the four-story Georgian-style mansion was intended as a temporary structure, and over the years the state legislature has considered replacing it with an office building or a new mansion. The legislature decided to renovate and remodel the existing building in 1973, and since then the private, non-profit Governors Mansion Foundation has maintained it.</p><br>
<h3>Art and monuments</h3><br>
<p>There are 18 major art installations and monuments on the campus.</p><br>
<p>The Winged Victory monument, commemorating World War I, is one of the most prominent. Sculpted by Alonzo Victor Lewis from bronze, its granite pedestal has four inscriptions: "They fought to safeguard and transmit to posterity the principles of justice, freedom, and democracy" (facing south); the state seal and "To the memory of the citizens of the State of Washington who lost their lives in the service of the United States during the World War 1917–1918" (facing east); "Their sacrifice was to vindicate the principles of peace and justice in the life of the world" (facing west); and "Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friend" (facing north). Dedicated May 30, 1938, the monument has been restored numerous times since then.</p><br>
<p>The replica was designed by the architects Wohleb, Wohleb, and Bennett. Inscribed upon it is "Replica of the Tivoli Fountain—Tivoli Park, Copenhagen, Denmark. Presented to the State of Washington by Olympia-Tumwater Foundation. Peter G. Schmidt, President. 1953."</p><br>
<p>Other points of interest include Chief William Shelton&#39;s story pole, World War II, the Korean War, and POW-MIA memorials, Du Pen Fountain, Sea to Sky, Untitled Stainless Steel, and the Water Garden.</p><br>
<h3>Natural disasters</h3><br>
<p>Three major earthquakes have affected the capital since its construction. The first, in 1949, damaged the cupola of the Legislative Buildings dome so badly it had to be completely replaced. A 6.5 magnitude earthquake in 1965 had even worse results, with the domes brick buttresses left in such poor condition that a major aftershock could have caused them to collapse entirely, according to a state report. The state performed work after both earthquakes to reduce the impact of future occurrences, and performed additional seismic improvements in 1975. The Nisqually earthquake of 2001 caused further damage, including a splintered buttress, but the earthquake-resistance work prevented more serious harm to the building.</p><br>
<p>Wilder and White’s designs for the dome, weighing 26,000 metric tons, called for the dome to be fixed to its supporting structures by gravity instead of by any bolts or fasteners. During an earthquake, the dome could shift, along with the sandstone columns supporting it. The columns moved as much as three inches (76 mm) during the Nisqually earthquake. Renovations completed in 2004 by Design Company EYP Architecture & Engineering fixed the dome permanently to the rest of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Quirks of law and security</h2><br>
<p>Because the Capitol grounds are outside the normal jurisdiction of Olympia and Thurston County, the sheriff and city police do not investigate crime on the Capitol campus. The Washington State Patrol is responsible for law enforcement and investigations on the Capitol grounds as well as at the Old Capitol Building and adjoining Sylvester Park in downtown Olympia. The Senate and House also have their own security staff.</p><br>
<p>After the September 11th attacks, there had been a security checkpoint at the entrance to the Capitol building, complete with magnetometer and x-ray machine, but security has since reverted to its original state. The Capitol is one of the few in the country, along with Texas and Kentucky, with no restrictions on carrying firearms.</p><br>
<h2>Controversies</h2><br>
<p>In December 2008, an atheist sign was displayed adjacent to a nativity scene in the State Capitol as part of a Christmas display causing widespread media coverage and controversy. The sign was stolen, but eventually found and returned to the Capitol. There was a rapid influx of requests from individuals and groups wanting to display other material, including a Festivus pole and a request by the Westboro Baptist Church to display a sign saying (among other things) "Santa Claus will take you to hell."</p><br>
<p>Monomoy Island is an 8 mi spit of sand extending southwest from Chatham, Cape Cod off the Massachusetts mainland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Despite its remoteness, Monomoy was home to its own community as early as 1710. A tavern for sailors was opened up in the location of today&#39;s Hospital Pond, known then as Wreck Cove.</p><br>
<p>During the early 19th century, a deep natural harbor at Monomoy&#39;s inner shore known as the Powder Hole attracted a sizeable fishing settlement. In its prime, Whitewash Village housed about 200 residents, a tavern inn called Monomoit House, and Public School #13, which boasted 16 students at one time. Cod and mackerel brought in to the Monomoy port were dried and packed for markets in Boston and New York City. Lobsters were also plentiful, providing both food and income for the villagers, who peddled them to mainlanders at about two cents apiece.</p><br>
<p>The village was abandoned after its harbor was washed away by a hurricane around 1860. It remained uninhabited until 1863 when it was reconstructed and reinhabited until 1876.</p><br>
<p>A storm in the spring of 1958 carved a wide, shallow channel between Morris Island and Monomoy, separating it from the mainland. The Blizzard of 1978 further divided the island into North Monomoy and South Monomoy. A storm during the winter of 2006-2007 once again reconnected South Monomoy to the mainland, although North Monomoy remains an island. The island was designated a Federal Wildlife Refuge in 1970, serving as an important stop on the migratory routes of 285 species of birds. Since gaining federal protection in 1972, gray seals have become a common sight on Monomoy and nearby Chatham&#39;s South Beach island.</p><br>
<p>Monomoy has no human residents, no electricity, and no paved roads. The only extant reminder of Monomoy&#39;s habitation is the Monomoy Point Light, which guided ships from 1828 to 1923. The wooden lightkeeper&#39;s quarters, the cast iron light tower, and the brick generator house are alone on the desolate point of the South Island.</p><br>
<p>It was taken over by the US government just before World War II. The island was home to the Monomoy Island Gunnery Range until 1944, when the Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge was established.</p><br>
<p>Since 2013, there has been a surge of Atlantic great white shark sightings off the coast of the islands. Some of the sharks have been tagged by the crew of the F/V Ezyduzit.</p><br>
<p>Hengistbury Head is a headland jutting into the English Channel between Bournemouth and Mudeford in the English county of Dorset. It is a site of international importance in terms of its archaeology and is scheduled as an Ancient Monument.</p><br>
<p>Declared a Local Nature Reserve in 1990, the head and its surroundings form part of the Christchurch Harbour Site of Special Scientific Interest.</p><br>
<p>It is also a Special Area of Conservation, Special Protection Area, an Environmentally Sensitive Area and a Site of Nature Conservation Interest. The name "Hengistbury Head" refers to the immediate area; the elevated portion is called Warren Hill.</p><br>
<p>There has been human activity on the site since the Upper Palaeolithic. During the Victorian era, it was heavily quarried, and in recent years tourism has become significant – it receives more than one million visitors annually. The various habitats on the Head provide a home for many plants, birds and insects, some of them rare and critically endangered. Erosion remains a threat to the site, although long-term projects are intended to secure it for the future.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Hengistbury Head is a sandstone headland forming part of Southbourne, which is a suburb of the town of Bournemouth to the west; the nearest major settlement is Christchurch to the north. It is the most easterly part of the Borough of Bournemouth, and marks the most easterly point of Poole Bay. Historically part of Hampshire, the Local Government Act 1972 designated the area a part of Dorset. The northern slope of the hill tailing off towards the sea forms Mudeford spit, the sand bar closing Christchurch Harbour from the south.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The spit is home to more 300 privately owned beach-huts, which are some of the UKs most expensive. In 2015 five of the huts were put on the market for a combined asking price of £1 million. On average the huts measure around five by three metres, have no running water, and the occupants may only stay overnight from March to October. Despite the relative lack of amenities, the area has become one of the UKs most desirable; huts are rented out for up to £600 a week.</p><br>
<p>The Black House, a local landmark, stands at the end of the spit, opposite Mudeford Quay, site of the Battle of Mudeford in 1784. Built in 1848, it was once a boat-builders house, but is now rented out to holidaymakers. It has served a variety of functions over the years, and is commonly (but inaccurately) associated with the areas smuggling past.</p><br>
<h2>Toponymy</h2><br>
<p>Mentioned as Hednesburia in a church deed of the early 12th century, and referred to as Hynesbury Head in the 17th, Hengistbury only took on its current spelling in the 19th century, during a period of what archaeologist Barry Cunliffe calls "antiquarian romanticism". Many prehistoric sites around this time were renamed to link them with historical figures.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hengistbury Head is home to a plethora of nationally and internationally significant archaeological sites, with features dating from the Late Upper Palaeolithic to the Roman settlement of Britain, earning the site Scheduled Ancient Monument status. Interest in the site declined throughout the Dark Ages, until extensive development took place in Christchurch around 890 AD, when the Head may have been used as a lookout post. The area was heavily quarried during the Victorian period and nowadays receives over a million visitors annually.</p><br>
<h3>Stone Age</h3><br>
<p>Several archaeological digs have revealed that the site was occupied during the Upper Palaeolithic. There is evidence of an open settlement of the Creswellian culture on the hill in the middle of the headland dating to around 14,100 years ago. With over 13,000 lithic artefacts it is probably the largest site of the period. Most interesting were several blades typically found at Upper Paleolithic sites across Europe, but rarely seen outside of caves in the UK, where open air sites of this age are extremely rare. People at the Head were heavily involved with the production of blades, further excavations identified 649 tools, dominated by backed blades, endscrapers and burins.</p><br>
<p>At the time the Warren Hill would have overlooked a large river valley that was to become the English Channel. Once the sea had inundated the surrounding valley, Mesolithic hunter gatherers exploited the site. Pollen analysis of peat from the Solent bed suggest a lightly wooded headland free of close-knit undergrowth during this period, an ideal habitat for game.</p><br>
<h3>Bronze Age</h3><br>
<p>In Bronze Age Britain this was an important seaport. Eleven Bronze Age Britain round barrows sit on the promontory with two more a little further inland. Eleven of the round barrows were excavated; three by Bushe Fox in 1911–12 and eight by Harold St George Gray in 1919 and 1922. Two appear to be undisturbed. Numerous finds including Early Bronze Age axes and cremation urns were recovered from these tumuli, which have been consistently found to be between 3500 and 4000 years old.</p><br>
<p>One of the barrows (south of where the thatched barn now stands) contained a high status cremation of a woman of about twenty years in age, accompanied by an incense cup, a halberd-style pendant made from amber and copper alloy, and two gold cones that would have covered buttons of an organic material. The burial-goods recovered are similar to those of the Wessex culture, the Wilsford and Dorset Ridgeway series in particular.</p><br>
<h3>Iron Age</h3><br>
<p>In Iron Age Britain around 700 BC, a settlement on the Head was established; also around this time, the headland was cut off from the mainland by the construction of two banks and ditches called the Double Dykes, similar to those found at Maiden Castle. The earthworks consisted of an inner bank three metres high, with a ditch three and a half metres deep. An outer ditch six metres wide and two metres in depth is now obscured due to wind-blown deposits of sand and a gradual silting process. These defences turned Hengistbury Head into a fortified settlement area which seems to have grown over succeeding centuries until it became an important port. The Iron Age port at Hengistbury Head forms a final site in a small chain of fortified earthworks, starting from Hambledon Hill, and also including Hod Hill, Spetisbury Rings, Buzbury Rings, Badbury Rings and Dudsbury Camp.</p><br>
<p>John Lavender of the local Red House Museum noted evidence of small iron-ore smelting hearths on Warren Hill, while green vitreous slag has been also found on the Head. In his 1911 to 1912 excavations, Bushe-Fox found evidence for working of lead, copper and silver; two ingots discovered at this time revealed that raw materials would have been imported to the area. There are also indications that gold was worked at Hengistbury. One excavation produced part of a torc, twisted together with a small gold bracelet and another fragment in a manner suggesting it was scrap; a different site produced a streaked touchstone indicating use in gold testing.</p><br>
<p>Thousands of bronze coins have been found from the pre-Roman period, the vast majority having been struck by the Durotriges. The abundance of coins, together with various hearths and smelting artefacts found within a close proximity suggest that the Durotrigan finds were minted here.</p><br>
<h4>International trade centre</h4><br>
<p>The advanced level of metallurgy in the area, coupled with its ease of access from the Continent, meant that Hengistbury Head became a significant Late-Iron Age port; trading worked metal of iron, silver, and bronze in return for figs, glass, tools and other goods. Armorican coins and pottery uncovered here show links to the Brittany peninsula. Amphorae used for the transportation of North Italian wine have been found in such quantities (more than all other sites in the south of England put together), that it is clear that the Head was a main port of entry into the country. However, no similar amphorae have been unearthed in Armorica, hinting at a more direct trade route between Hengistbury Head and Italy.</p><br>
<h3>Roman occupation to Medieval period</h3><br>
<p>After the Roman conquest, the south-east of England started to develop into a more urban economy, while the socio-economic system of the south-west remained little changed.</p><br>
<p>Hengistbury would still have served as an important hub for the Dumnonii of Cornwall and Devon, and the Durotriges of Wiltshire and Dorset; since transport by water was more efficient at the time, and the Head offered both a coastal route, and freshwater options via the Stour and Avon rivers.</p><br>
<p>No evidence of Saxon use has been found at the Head.</p><br>
<p>The area was not substantially reoccupied until Alfred the Great decided to rebuild the harbour as a defence against raiders. He built the town that later became Christchurch, on the north side of the harbour. Access to Salisbury up the River Avon made this a more strategic place. The Head may have been used for harbour defence at this time. In the 11th century, some of the iron-ore rich stones found at the Head were used in the construction of Christchurch Castle. These reddish-coloured stones can still be seen in the base of the now ruined castle.</p><br>
<h3>17th, 18th and 19th centuries</h3><br>
<p>In the late 1600s, Andrew Yarranton (with backing from the Earl of Clarendon) commenced a scheme to improve the harbour. In 1693 a channel was cut out to sea, whilst ironstone boulders from the head were used to create a pier. The plans proved ineffective; the pier was poorly positioned and subsequent storms (including the Great Storm of 1703) soon undid most of the work although parts of the pier known as "Clarendon&#39;s Jetty" or the "Long Rocks" are still visible today. Many tons may have been removed from the beach and the head itself to make the jetty.</p><br>
<p>In 1733 a new Excise and Customs Bill was introduced, restricting imports and raising taxes on many luxury items. Christchurch rapidly became a hot-bed for smugglers, where they were known as "freetraders", and much of the town was involved in the trade. The "Double Dykes" are said to have been used to hide contraband, while Mudeford spit is rumoured to have been used in the construction of "Guinea boats" (cheaply built galleys sometimes capable of outrunning the day&#39;s steamships). One apocryphal story is that the black house acquired its distinctive black colour when customs officers tried to smoke out some holed-up smugglers by lighting fires around the base. The house was constructed in 1848 and used by shipwrights as a dwelling and workshop, smuggling was in decline with the introduction of a free-trade policy and more effective measures being implemented by the Coast Guard by this time, so the house may not in fact have had much involvement in smuggling. The spit has a long association with shipbuilding with two large ships being built in the mid-19th century, the Viscountess Canning of 193 tons and the Enterprise 253 tons.</p><br>
<p>From 1848 to 1872, the Hengistbury Mining Company – formed by a Christchurch-based merchant, John E. Holloway – extracted many more ironstone boulders through quarrying. Holloway brought coal from Southampton, and took the ironstone as ballast for the return journey. These boulders, known as Iron Doggers, were prized for their high quantity of iron ore (up to 30%). They form the base of Hengistbury Head, and the removal of a substantial amount of doggers over the years has weakened the headland. These and earlier excavations resulted in a loss of up to a third of the head, caused mainly by erosion after the quarry&#39;s closure. The silt washed down also threatened the ecology of the saltmarsh below. This has been reduced by the building of a dam, in 1976, to create a pool. Many "doggers" can still be seen lining the route of the land-train and at the quarry.</p><br>
<h3>UK's first airshow</h3><br>
<p>In 1910 the first international aviation meeting ever held in Britain took place on a specially laid out aerodrome consisting of a mile of grassland between the "Double Dykes" and the nearby village of Tuckton. About twenty pioneer aviators from around the world participated in various competitions including spot landing, altitude tests and speed trials (both for the fastest and slowest circuit).</p><br>
<p>On the second day of the meeting, co-founder of Rolls-Royce and pioneer aviator Charles Rolls was thrown from his plane, which disintegrated beneath him. Despite the fact that the first-ever powered flight had occurred only seven years previously, Rolls had been attempting a precision landing. He died from his injuries shortly after his fall.</p><br>
<p>The event was Britain&#39;s earliest fatal flying accident involving a powered aircraft.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>There were a number of development schemes for the head including a major railway and docks scheme proposed in 1885, proposals for housing and a golf course were also put forward before World War I, though none of these schemes came to fruition. In 1919 the head was sold by Sir George Meyrick to Harry Gordon Selfridge with plans to construct a grand house. These plans also came to nothing, apart from the establishment of a nursery garden. Bournemouth Borough Council purchased the head in 1930 for £25,200; although plans for housing existed west of double dykes, the head itself was to be kept as public open space. During World War II the head was closed to the public and was occupied by the army, becoming home to a number of installations including a radar station. The area was also extensively mined. The head was finally cleared of the military defences by the 1950s.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Hengistbury Head Local Nature Reserve is currently owned and managed by Bournemouth Borough Council. In 1990, the land was declared a Local Nature Reserve, as a commitment by the town of Bournemouth to conserve and enhance the environment. The heathland forms part of the Dorset Heaths and is internationally protected as a Special Area of Conservation and Special Protection Area. Nearby, the upper reaches of Christchurch Harbour (including the meadows at Wick) are recognised as an Environmentally Sensitive Area.</p><br>
<p>The head today is used for a variety of reasons. Firstly it is a tourist spot where country walks can be taken all over the head due to the well defined gravel paths, some of which form part of the Bournemouth Coast Path. In 2008, many paths were resurfaced, making more (though not all) parts of the head wheelchair accessible. For example, it is now possible to gain wheelchair access to Quarry Pool. Regular field trips to the site are made by students of all ages and there are occasional guided tours or meetings around the head covering a wide variety of subjects.</p><br>
<p>There is a cafe at the bottom of the head on the Bournemouth side. Hengistbury Head Outdoor Education centre is located near here on the south shore of the harbour. Run by Brockenhurst College, the centre offers a variety of water and outdoor activities. A scenic land train (known as "the Noddy train") makes regular journeys from the cafe to the end of the spit, a journey of ten or so minutes. On the head itself is a H. M. Coastguard radio relay station, a nature reserve and a triangulation pillar, shown on Ordnance Survey maps as 36 metres above sea level. Ample parking (subject to charges) can be found near the cafe, but the head is also within walking distance of Southbourne and parts of Christchurch.</p><br>
<p>The Quarry Pool is now a significant part of the nature reserve features of the head. While it was very acidic in the early years, since 1990 it has allowed the growth of a significant number of plant and insect species, as well as mallard and little grebe. The insects provide valuable food for migrating sand martins and swallows.</p><br>
<h3>Visitor centre</h3><br>
<p>A new visitor centre for Hengistbury Head was opened in December 2013. The extant thatched barn was upgraded in an eco-friendly way and the new addition cost over a million pounds. Funds were provided by developer contributions, the Heritage Lottery Fund and £300,000 from landfill tax.</p><br>
<p>The centre houses a display area which documents the sites archaeology, ecology and geology, while work space has been created for volunteers and other community groups such as the Hengistbury Head Supporters Group, Residents Association and Christchurch Harbour Ornithological Group. The public now have the chance to scrutinise a selection of the finds discovered at Hengistbury Head in the last century, and to interact with experienced staff, as well as providing them with the opportunity to become actively involved in the administration of the nature reserve.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding area has been extensively landscaped to create outdoor learning areas and a wildlife garden. Energy-saving features include photovoltaic panels for electricity and ground source heat pump for heating. A green roof (a living roof that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium), is used to absorb rainfall and provide insulation. The centre is constructed using timber-frame walls insulated with straw bales.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>According to Ian West of Southampton University, "Hengistbury Head is the best part of the Bournemouth coast for geology and geomorphology.... is geologically important for the unusual nodules of sideritic ironstone in Middle Eocene strata." The exposed and relatively untouched cliff face at the head perfectly lends itself to students of stratigraphy. Warren Hill itself is composed of Tertiary Bracklesham Beds, a mixture of clays and marls with overlying sandy and lignitic beds.</p><br>
<h3>Erosion</h3><br>
<p>One serious threat to the future of the Head is erosion of the exposed southern cliff face from wind and rain, as well as erosion caused by the sea primarily through the process of Longshore drift. A comparison of Ordnance Survey maps reveals that 25 metres of cliff was washed away from 1915 to 1962, drawing ire from some surfers and beach lovers owing to the increase in sharp stones on Southbourne beach in particular. The projects organizers, the Poole Bay Partnership, state that: "The resulting wide beaches have been a success in terms of their function as a coast protection structure and for the enjoyment they provide to the areas residents and visitors."</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Hengistbury Head forms part of the Christchurch Harbour Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), and in May 1990 was declared a Local Nature Reserve. In 2002, cattle-grazing commenced in a field near the new visitor centre known as Barn Field. This, combined with gorse eradication, has assisted in the restoration of this habitat to its ancient character.</p><br>
<p>Present on the site is sea knotgrass (Polygonum maritimum), the rarest of the knotgrasses in Britain, and currently listed as a "schedule 8 species" under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Such plants are afforded greater than usual protection against damaging activities – such as "cutting, picking, destroying or selling." The heathland is both a Special Area of Conservation and a Special Protection Area, part of a network of the best wildlife sites in Europe.</p><br>
<p>The various habitats provide homes to numerous species of insects. There are 700 moth species recorded in the nature reserve, again a quarter of the national total. At different spots across the site butterflies (including the green hairstreak), damselflies (like the large red), and dragonflies (such as the hairy dragonfly) can be observed. According to a 2005 report, the exceedingly rare thirteen-spotted ladybird (Hippodamia 13-punctata) was recently observed at the head, the first sighting in the UK since 1952.</p><br>
<p>More than 300 bird species have been recorded in the area, making Hengistbury Head an important migratory point. The Balearic shearwater, considered critically endangered with extinction by the IUCN and seldom sighted in the UK, has been seen in the area. The fields and reserved areas near the car park provide an ideal spot to watch and listen to a significant population of skylarks during the summer months.</p><br>
<p>In 1989 a project commenced to re-introduce the country&#39;s rarest amphibian, the natterjack toad, to Hengistbury Head. The natterjack was last recorded on the headland in the 1950s before its extinction, probably as the result of a lack of suitable ponds. The project has been a great success, and today there are thriving populations at various locations. The ideal time to witness their mating rituals is in May as dusk approaches, when the distinctive call of the natterjack can be heard for miles around.</p><br>
<p>Lake Ray Hubbard, formerly Forney Lake, is a fresh water impoundment  located in Dallas, Texas in the counties of Dallas, Kaufman, Collin, and Rockwall just north of the City of Forney. It was created by the construction of the Rockwall-Forney Dam which impounded the East Fork Trinity River.</p><br>
<p>It measures 22,745 acres (92 km²) in size with a storage capacity of 490,000 acre.ft and a maximum depth of 40 feet (12 m). The dam is currently owned by the City of Dallas. Interstate 30 bisects the lake. The lake was originally named Forney Lake for the nearby town of Forney, Texas. After the City of Dallas incorporated the lake, it was renamed after a living person, Ray Hubbard, who presided over the Dallas Parks and Recreation System board from 1943 to 1972. However, the company that administrates the distribution of its waters is still known as Forney Lake Water Supply Corp. The reservoir is currently managed by Dallas Water Utilities.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally designed to provide water to the North Texas region, the project was started in 1964 and managed by the S. and A. Construction Company and the Markham, Brown and M. C. Winter Construction Company. The lake was impounded in 1968, and a 2 mi earthfill dam was completed in 1969. By 1970 the lake reached its maximum design extent.</p><br>
<p>Due to the territorial expansion and exercise of the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the City of Dallas, the lake and the Interstate 30 bridges are now within the jurisdiction of the City of Dallas, rather than the cities surrounding it. There is a mutual aid agreement in place between Dallas and the other cities, but ultimate responsibility lies with Dallas.</p><br>
<p>Several areas of the lake have been infested with hydrilla.</p><br>
<p>Because of its location in a densely populated area, the lake is crossed by several bridges and causeways. The most significant is Interstate 30, with six lanes on a 2.9 mi causeway that bisects the lake, and President George Bush Turnpike, the eastern expansion completed in 2012 with a 0.9 mi bridge spanning the Rowlett Creek inlet. The 1.8 mi Texas State Highway 66 bridge was constructed in the 1970s and twinned in the early 2000s, joining Rowlett and Rockwall, and other minor bridges exist on Rowlett Road and Miller Road. There is also a railway crossing formerly operated by Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad, now part of Union Pacific, which crosses the Muddy Creek inlet and joins the I-30 causeway.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>The lake contains a large population of hybrid striped bass, white bass, largemouth bass, channel catfish, blue catfish, white crappie, and alligator gar.</p><br>
<p>Vistula Historic District is a designated historic district in the city of Toledo, Ohio, USA, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The district comprises Toledo&#39;s oldest neighborhood and encompasses an area roughly bounded by Champlain, Summit, Walnut and Magnolia streets.</p><br>
<p>Vistula was a village established on land in what was then part of Michigan Territory, purchased in 1832 by Benjamin F. Stickney, in company with several investors from Lockport, New York, including Edward Bissell. In January 1833, Stickney platted the village of Vistula.</p><br>
<p>Another settlement, named Port Lawrence, had first been established in 1817, although the companies arranging sales of the land failed and nothing much was developed until a new plat was recorded for the village in 1833. This area encompassed roughly east to west from Jefferson to Washington Street and north to south, from Superior Street to the River, or slightly farther upstream from where the Vistula settlement would later be established.</p><br>
<p>When Vistula and Port Lawrence merged to form the city of Toledo in 1837, the area which had been contested between Michigan and Ohio in the Toledo War was granted to Ohio by the United States Congress.</p><br>
<p>Caher Island , an uninhabited island off the coast of County Mayo in Ireland, is situated between the larger Clare Island and Inishturk.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Cathair na Naomh in Irish means the City of the Saints.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>An ancient centre for pilgrimage, it is still visited for this reason today. On 15 August each year, the Feast of the Assumption, there is a pilgrimage to the island.</p><br>
<p>The island has an Early Christian monastery with the remains of a chapel in an enclosure and several carved slabs. The island appears to hold the remains of hermitages of seventh century monks.</p><br>
<h2>Access to the island</h2><br>
<p>The island is accessed by boat from Inishturk. Caher can only be accessed reasonably safely by approaching with a small boat, such as a currach, from the east to the point marked as Portatemple on the charts. This is not a safe harbour, as heavy Atlantic swells can break through even on rare calm days. The comment on the chart for the area, "The entire area of irregular depths up to 4 miles offshore between Clew Bay and Killary harbour 10 miles further south, breaks in bad weather" reflects the fact that even in moderate swell conditions of less than 5 metres, peaks can rise and break unexpectedly.</p><br>
<p>Acaill Bheag  is a small island in County Mayo, Ireland, just off the southern tip of Achill Island.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Its name means Little Achill.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Acaill Bheag was evacuated in 1965 and the inhabitants were settled on the main (Achill) island and nearby mainland. The main settlement was in the centre of the island, bounded by two hills to the north and south. There are a small number of holiday homes on the island, but they are usually empty for most of the year. Access to the island is from Cé Mhór, in the village of An Chloich Mhór (Cloghmore), by local arrangement. A lighthouse on Acaill Bheag&#39;s southern tip was completed in 1965.</p><br>
<p>A comprehensive book about the life and times of the island and the people and way of life there, "Achillbeg - The Life of an Island", by Jonathan Beaumont was published in 2005.</p><br>
<h3>Demographics</h3><br>
<p>The table below reports data on Achillbeg&#39;s population taken from Discover the Islands of Ireland (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and the Census of Ireland.</p><br>
<p>Inis Oírr / Inisheer , making it the second smallest of the Aran Islands in terms of population. Caomhán of Inis Oírr is the islands patron saint. There are three primary settlements - Baile an Chaisleáin , Baile an Feirme  & Baile an Lurgain.</p><br>
<h2>Naming</h2><br>
<p>The official name, Inis Oírr, was brought into usage by the Ordnance Survey Ireland. It may be a compromise between the traditional local name Inis Thiar and the previous official name Inis Oirthir. There is no Irish word corresponding to the second element in the official name. It seems from the annals that the island&#39;s name always contained the element iarthar or thiar in the sense of "rear or back island" and not "west" as is the usual sense of this word. The form Inis Oirthir, used by the 17th century scholar Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh, seems to have arisen out of his own misreading of the annals.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is an extension of The Burren. The terrain of the island is composed of limestone pavements with crisscrossing cracks known as "grikes", leaving isolated rocks called "clints".</p><br>
<p>The limestones date from the Visean period (Lower Carboniferous), formed as sediments in a tropical sea approximately 350 million years ago, and compressed into horizontal strata with fossil corals, crinoids, sea urchins and ammonites.</p><br>
<p>Glaciation following the Namurian phase facilitated greater denudation. The result is that Inisheer is one of the finest examples of a Glacio-Karst landscape in the world. The effects of the last glacial period (the Midlandian) are most in evidence, with the island overrun by ice during this glaciation. The impact of earlier Karstification (solutional erosion) has been eliminated by the last glacial period, so any Karstification now seen dates from approximately 10,000 years ago and the island Karst is thus recent.</p><br>
<p>Solutional processes have widened and deepened the grykes of the limestone pavement. Pre-existing lines of weakness in the rock (vertical joints) contribute to the formation of extensive fissures separated by clints (flat pavement like slabs). The rock karstification facilitates the formation of sub-terrainean drainage.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and agriculture</h2><br>
<p>The island has an unusually temperate climate. Average air temperatures range from 15 °C in July to 6 °C in January. The soil temperature does not usually drop below 6 °C (end 2010 recorded a prolonged period of snow, the first in living memory). Since grass will grow once the temperature rises above 6 °C, this means that the island (like the neighbouring Burren) has one of the longest growing seasons in Ireland or Britain, and supports diverse and rich plant growth.</p><br>
<p>Late May is the sunniest time, and also likely the best time to view flowers, with the gentians and avens peaking (but orchid species blooming later).</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island supports arctic, Mediterranean and alpine plants side-by-side, due to the unusual environment. Like the Burren, the Aran islands are renowned for their remarkable assemblage of plants and animals.</p><br>
<p>The grikes (crevices) provide moist shelter, thus supporting a wide range of plants including dwarf shrubs. Where the surface of the pavement is shattered into gravel, many of the hardier Arctic or Alpine plants can be found. But when the limestone pavement is covered by a thin layer of soil, patches of grass are seen, interspersed with plants like the gentian and orchids.</p><br>
<p>Notable insects present include the butterfly the pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne), brown hairstreak (Thecla betulae), marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) and wood white (Leptidea sinapis); the moths, the burren green (Calamia tridens), Irish annulet (Gnophos dumetata) and transparent burnet (Zygaena purpuralis); and the hoverfly Doros profuges.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1885 a burial site called Cnoc Raithní was discovered which dates back to 1500BC. This is earliest evidence of human settlement of the island.</p><br>
<p>Saint Caomhán, the patron saint of Inisheer, according to some traditions, was the elder brother of Kevin of Glendalough. The ruins of Teampall Chaomháin have to be uncovered annually as the floor of it is well below the level of the sand. In the Middle Ages, the island was ruled by the O&#39;Brien dynasty who provided most of the Kings of Thomond. This rule was exercised since before the Anglo-Irish settled in Connacht in the 1230s.</p><br>
<p>The Tribes of Galway paid the OBriens an annual tribute of twelve tuns of wine "in consideration of their protection and expenses in guarding the bay and harbour of Galway against pirates and coast plunderers." The remains of a 14th-century OBrien Castle called OBriens Castle is sited near the islands highest point. In 1582 the OFlahertys of Connemara captured it. Today OFlahertys still live on the island. In 1652 it was given to the Cromwellian invasion force and the OFlahertys were defeated. They saw no use for it and the castle was partially dismantled, it has been unoccupied since.</p><br>
<p>The cargo vessel Plassey was shipwrecked off Inis Oírr in the 1960s, and has since been thrown above high tide mark at Carraig na Finise on the island by strong Atlantic waves. The ship features in the opening credits of the TV Show Father Ted.</p><br>
<p>A group of local Islanders, the Inisheer Rocket Crew, rescued the entire crew from the stricken vessel using a breeches buoy—an event captured in a pictorial display at the National Maritime Museum in Dún Laoghaire.</p><br>
<h3>Demographics</h3><br>
<p>The table below reports data on Inis Oírr&#39;s population taken from Discover the Islands of Ireland (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and the Census of Ireland. Census data in Ireland before 1841 are not considered complete and/or reliable.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The island is reached by ferry from Rossaveal in Connemara and Doolin in County Clare as well as from the other Aran Islands. There is also a regional airport which regularly flys in from nearby areas such as Doolin. A new pier was opened in Doolin in June 2015 for commercial ferries serving the island. Islanders travel by foot or car around the island. Tourists can avail of tours/taxi trips by horse and trap to see the sights & witness the natural beauty of Inis Oírr&#39;s landscape. While An Garda Síochána patrol on bike.</p><br>
<h2>Language</h2><br>
<p>Irish is still today the daily language of the 260 permanent residents. In addition, many school pupils come to the island to learn Irish in an environment where it is a living language.</p><br>
<h2>Sport</h2><br>
<p>Some of the limestone sea cliffs have attracted interest from rock-climbers, though the bigger islands of Inis Mór and Inis Méain are more popular.</p><br>
<p>Diving is possible.</p><br>
<h2>In the media</h2><br>
<p>The island gained some television exposure in the 1990s when it (and An Plassey ) appeared in the opening credits of the sitcom Father Ted masquerading as the fictional Craggy Island.</p><br>
<p>Inis Oírr is mentioned in the song "The Return of Pan" by the band The Waterboys.</p><br>
<p>Inis Oírr is also the name of a well known slow air written by Thomas Walsh from Dublin, after a visit to the island in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Inis Oírr was discussed at length in the work of cultural anthropologist John Cowan Messenger under the name Inis Beag.</p><br>
<p>Kamešnica is a mountain in the Dinarides on the border between Bosnia and Herzegovina  and Croatia . It is 1,851 m tall. It is part of the Dinaric Alps and is an extension of the Dinara range that stretches from the northwest white road pass Vaganj  to the Buško Blato artificial lake. The two tallest peaks named Konj  1,855 m and Kurljaj 1,567 m belong to Bosnia and Herzegovina and offer views of both sides of the border. In clear weather, it is possible to see the most remote areas of the Adriatic Sea and its islands. The vicinity&#39;s many trails and caves make it popular with hikers.</p><br>
<h2>Ecosystem</h2><br>
<p>Kamešnica is a favorable habitat for many species of plants and animals. The ecosystem of the northern parts of the mountain has been completely preserved due to its isolated location and the thick forest that surrounds it.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Most of Kamešnica&#39;s peaks are covered by snow for six to seven months of the year.</p><br>
<p>Most of Kamešnica has a climate characterized by its position in two main climate regions; continental (northern side which is surrounded by Livanjsko field, 700 m above sea-level with mean annual temperature of 9 °C) and submediterranean (southern side which is surrounded by Sinjsko field, 300 m above sea-level where the mean annual temperature is 12.5 °C). Only the highest parts of Kamešnica (above 1300 m), have a snowy-forested climate.</p><br>
<p>The weather and the mean annual air temperature can be compared using data of Zavizan metro station (1594 m). The lowest temperature on Kamešnica during the winter approximately measures -20 °C. Mean annual quantity of precipitation on Kamešnica ranges from 1200 mm to 2500 mm (maximum quantity on the peaks Konj, Kurljaj, Burnjaca and Gareta). In general, the climate of Kamešnica is very similar to the climate of Velebit.</p><br>
<p>The "Bura" is a dry and cold wind that blows from the northeast (from continent towards sea). While the bura is blowing, the peaks of Kamešnica are in the cloud called "Cap".</p><br>
<p>Troglav standing at 1913 meters is the highest peak of the Dinara mountain. Dinara is longest massif within karstic mountain chain of the western Balkan peninsula, to which is also eponymous, Dinaric Alps . Troglav is located in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is named after Triglav, Slavic god. The name literally means "three headed".</p><br>
<p>The Troglav group is around 30 km long and around 15 km wide, making it the largest in the range. On the northwestern side, it is separated from the Dinara group by the Privija pass (1230 m) and on the southeast from the Kamešnica group by Vaganj (1173 m) road pass, which connects Sinj in Croatia with Livno in Bosnia. On the northeastern, Bosnian side, lies the huge Livno karstic field (Livanjsko Polje; 700 m), which is 65 km long. On the southwestern, Croatian side, there is the Cetina river valley with 15 km long Peruća Lake (Perućko jezero).</p><br>
<p>The south-western slopes (Croatian side) ascend in a few steps. The first step rises up to around 1500–1600 m: up to 1100–1200 m slope is forested, mostly with oak and hornbeam, while the area above is grassy. Behind is a large depression, which is a labyrinth of peaks up to 1700 m, ridges and plateaux, which are strewn with funnel-shaped basins. On the part of the plateau called Vještičja Gora (around 1400 m), south of Troglav, there is a large complex of beech forest, which stands out against the background of grass and stone. Behind this area, the main ridge rises. From the border with the Dinara group, the main ridge gradually rises up to the summit of Troglav. Thereafter, the slopes gradually descend towards Vaganj pass, while the pasture area between them widens.</p><br>
<p>The north-eastern slopes (Bosnian side) are much steeper and mostly forested with beech and spruce. They mostly descend steeply, without steps, towards Livanjsko Polje field and end abruptly. A few kilometres north of Troglav, the only level ground appears and it contains the Velike Poljanice complex of meadows.</p><br>
<p>On the northeastern part of the group, between Bat (1851 m) and Bunjevačko Brdo (1849 m) groups of peaks, there is huge undulating grassy plateau, a few kilometres long and wide. The average altitude of the area is over 1600 m, and the region was glaciated during the ice ages.</p><br>
<p>The Mascoma River is a 31.6 mi river located in western New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Connecticut River, which flows to Long Island Sound. The Mascoma comprises two sections which are split by Mascoma Lake in the communities of Enfield and Lebanon. Counting the lake would add 2.7 mi to the river&#39;s length.</p><br>
<p>The Mascoma River begins at Cummins Pond in a heavily forested part of the town of Dorchester, New Hampshire and flows south into the town of Canaan, collecting water flowing from Reservoir Pond, Clark Pond, and Canaan Street Lake before reaching the Indian River. Here it turns west, collecting tributaries arriving from Goose Pond and Crystal Lake, before it passes through the mill town of Enfield and arrives at Mascoma Lake.</p><br>
<p>At the western end of Mascoma Lake, the Mascoma River, now in Lebanon, drops quickly over rapids and occasional falls, passing numerous small hydroelectric dams in the center of Lebanon and on its way to West Lebanon, where it reaches the Connecticut River. The section of the river immediately downstream of the Mascoma Lake dam is reserved for fly fishing only, while other portions of the river are open for all types of fisherman. The river is stocked by the New Hampshire Fish and Game Department.</p><br>
<p>For most of its path from the Indian River to the Connecticut, the Mascoma River and its valley have influenced the location of numerous transportation routes, including USA Route 4 and an inactive, state-owned rail line known as the Northern Railroad, which has now been converted in some areas to a "rail trail" bike path.</p><br>
<p>Mascoma Lake is a 1,158 acre lake in western New Hampshire, United States. Most of the lake is within the town of Enfield, while a small portion is within the city of Lebanon, where it drains into the Mascoma River, a tributary of the Connecticut River.</p><br>
<p>The lakes general trend is from southeast to northwest, with the outlet at the northwestern end. The Mascoma River enters the lake near its halfway point, from the northeastern side, at the town center of Enfield. The southeastern end of the lake is fed by the Knox River. The lakes average depth is 30 ft with a maximum depth of 68 ft.</p><br>
<p>The lake freezes during winter and is stable enough to be walked upon. Ice fishing is popular on the lake. The lake is stocked with trout by the New Hampshire Fish and Game Department.</p><br>
<p>Mascoma Lake often has a spring cyanobacteria bloom. In June 2009 the State of New Hampshire discouraged people from recreation in some areas of the lake because of the bloom. However, the lake is generally considered safe for swimming, and the town of Enfield maintains a public beach with a lifeguard on the lake.</p><br>
<p>NASA and its partners have used the frozen lake to test a robotic rover as a simulation of Antarctica.</p><br>
<p>Mascoma Lake is home to the Dartmouth College sailing team. A community sailing club called the Mascoma Sailing Club also uses the lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Banook is a freshwater lake located in Dartmouth within the Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia, Canada. It is home to three sprint canoe and kayak clubs, two rowing clubs, and a dragon boat club. It also has a claim to be the birthplace of ice hockey.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Lake Banooks eastern shore is bordered by Prince Albert Road (part of Trunk 7) and its western shore fronts Crichton Park, a residential neighbourhood. At the south end of the lake is a lock mechanism leading to Sullivans Pond. At the north end of the lake a bridge carries the Highway 111 expressway, informally known as the Dartmouth Circumferential Highway over its waters. The bridge also serves as a dividing line between Lake Micmac, also referred to as Second Lake.</p><br>
<p>Birch Cove Beach is the only beach on the lake that is currently supervised. Another beach, Graham&#39;s Grove, was closed in the early-1990s, as a result of poor water quality stemming from the construction of the nearby "Mic Mac Par-clo" (partial clover-leaf), a large interchange connecting Highway 111, Trunk 7, and Route 318, which replaced the rotary previously on the site.</p><br>
<p>Lake Banook has undergone many modifications. It was originally approximately two meters shallower than its current depth, after being dammed during the construction of the Shubenacadie Canal in the early 19th century. When the water rose, it submerged a small island. During improvements for the 1989 Junior World Championships, the top section of the paddling course was dredged to meet depth standards. The fill was used to expand nearby Graham&#39;s Grove Park, and the former access road still remains underwater. There have been shoreline modifications for recreational beaches, private waterfront, boat docks, and municipal pipelines. Some natural shoreline remains at the north end of Brookdale Crescent Park, the north end of Birch Cove, and parts of Grahams Grove.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lake Banook is named for the Mikmaq phrase for "first lake", as it is the first lake in the system that later became the Shubenacadie Canal. The Mikmaq people were the first to navigate the waters of Lake Banook, which contributed to the naming of Lake Micmac, Mic Mac Mall, and Mic Mac AAC.</p><br>
<p>Hockey was played on Lake Banook as early as 1827, and certainly by 1850, though the game was then known as both rickets and wicket. Dartmouth is one of several locales around the world that claim the title of "Birthplace of Hockey." In 1864 Starr manufacturing of Dartmouth, located less than a kilometer from Lake Banook, began producing the world&#39;s first modern iceskates. Starr skates, first used on the lakes of Dartmouth including Lake Banook, later became a popular choice for elite ice hockey players, being worn by 6 out of 7 members of the 1902 Stanley Cup Champions Montreal Hockey Club. The Starr company produced ice skates into the 1930s. In the days before refrigerators, the lake was a source of ice for the residents of both Halifax and Dartmouth.</p><br>
<p>Since 1903, with the formation of the Banook Canoe Club, Lake Banook has been home to many competitive and recreational canoeists, kayakers, and rowers. Dartmouth has more paddlers per capita than anywhere else in Canada.</p><br>
<h2>Sport</h2><br>
<p>Lake Banook is home to three sprint canoe/kayak clubs, clustered at the south end of the lake: Banook Canoe Club, Senobe Aquatic Club, and Mic Mac Amateur Aquatic Club. This arrangement is unique in Canada, and has led to a longstanding and healthy competitive rivalry between clubs. All three clubs have developed multiple Olympians, National Champions, and World Championship team members.</p><br>
<p>The lake is outfitted with an international-calibre 1000-metre sprint canoe and kayak race course during the summer months. The course spans nine racing lanes of nine metres in width, with the 1000-metre start line at the north end of the lake, and the finish line at the south end. On the western shore, a three-story judges tower is elevated above the lake at the finish line, allowing officials to judge the finishes of races. The course is used for numerous local and national competitions every year. Lake Banook has also hosted many world-class competitions, including the canoe/kayak and rowing events at the inaugural Canada Summer Games in 1969, the World Junior Canoe Championships in 1989, the Senior World Championship in 1997, the World Marathon Championship in 2001, and the Senior World Championships in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The lake is also used for local rowing competitions, and hosts both the Mic Mac AAC rowing club and the independent North Star Rowing club. The course is not ideal for national or international competitions in rowing, as its restricted length does not enable 2000-metre races.</p><br>
<p>As dragon boat paddling has exploded in popularity, a fifth boat club has been founded in the northeast corner of Lake Banook. Dragon Boat East offers year-round training programs for members and other dragon boat services. Lake Banook is the site of Halifax&#39;s annual dragon boat competition and festival.</p><br>
<p>Mount Lafayette is a 5,249 ft mountain at the northern end of the Franconia Range in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, United States. It lies in the town of Franconia in Grafton County, and appears on the New England Fifty Finest list of the most topographically prominent peaks in New England. The mountain&#39;s upper reaches are located in the alpine zone, an area where only dwarf vegetation exists due to the harsh climate.</p><br>
<h2>The mountain</h2><br>
<p>Mount Lafayette is the highest point in the Franconia Range, a line of peaks along the east side of Franconia Notch. It is the sixth highest peak in New Hampshire and the highest outside of the Presidential Range. It is the second most prominent peak in the state.</p><br>
<p>On the western side, its lower slopes lie inside Franconia Notch State Park. The remainder of the mountain lies within the White Mountain National Forest. The summit marks the western border of the Pemigewasset Wilderness Area within the WMNF.</p><br>
<h3>Trails</h3><br>
<p>A variety of trails lead up over 3,000 vertical feet (900 m) to its exposed summit. The Greenleaf Trail begins at the parking lot for the Cannon Mountain tramway and ascends to the Appalachian Mountain Club&#39;s Greenleaf Hut, then continues to the summit. The Bridle Path trail follows a western spur ridge of Lafayette from Lafayette Place Campground on Interstate 93 past Greenleaf Hut and joins the Greenleaf Trail, reaching the summit 1.1 mi after the hut. The peak is at the junction of the Garfield Ridge Trail, which follows the ridge northeast to Mount Garfield, and the Franconia Ridge Trail, which leads south to Mounts Lincoln, Liberty, and Flume. Both the Garfield Ridge Trail and the Franconia Ridge Trail form part of the Appalachian Trail.</p><br>
<p>A very popular hike is to make a loop combining the three most notable summits of the Franconia Range. The loop starts with the Old Bridle Path to the AMC Greenleaf Hut. From there, one takes the Greenleaf Trail to the summit of Mt. Lafayette. Turning south along the Franconia Ridge Trail, one passes over Mount Lincoln and Little Haystack, then descends via the Falling Waters Trail, which connects back with the beginning of the Old Bridle Path. This loop is 8.9 mi long, with a cumulative elevation gain of about 3,900 ft.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is named to honor General Lafayette, a French military hero who fought with and significantly aided the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Loved and adopted as an aide by George Washington during the conflict, Lafayette made a triumphal tour re-visiting New Hampshire and all the other then states in 1824-1825 celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill.</p><br>
<p>Takoma Park is a neighborhood in northern Washington, D.C.. It is located in Advisory Neighborhood Commission 4B, in the District&#39;s Fourth Ward, within the northwest quadrant. It borders the city of Takoma Park, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, mainly since the metro opened, it has become differentiated from its Maryland neighbor as "Takoma&quot however, historically it was called Takoma Park, D.C. Takoma is frequently referred to by many people as being the portion of "Takoma Park" that happens to be located in the District of Columbia. This is mainly because Takoma and Takoma Park together made up the original Takoma Park area. They are only separated from each other by the Maryland/D.C. line. The library still bears the name "Takoma Park Library" and the historic district is referred to as "Takoma Park historic District". Until recently, the recreation center was known as Takoma Park Recreation Center and Takoma Park pool. As time goes on, people seem to forget and try to assert that the D.C. side is Takoma, however this a fairly recent phenomenon. Some apartment buildings and businesses in Takoma, D.C., still say "Takoma Park". There is even a welcome sign next to the Takoma Metro Station that says, "Welcome to Takoma Park, D.C." There is also an apartment complex in Takoma D.C. called "The Gables at Takoma Park".</p><br>
<p>Takoma is a diverse neighborhood, populated mostly by middle-class families. Its small downtown has recently been re-developed, bringing in new residents and attractive new businesses. Many of the houses in Takoma are historic, and some are over 100 years old.</p><br>
<p>Takoma and the rest of Ward 4 are represented in the Council of the District of Columbia by Brandon Todd.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Along Eastern Avenue, Takoma Park, D.C. borders Takoma Park, Maryland, a city with which Takoma shares its origins. Takoma shares a common identity with the neighboring city in Maryland, and the downtown area surrounding the Takoma Metro station crosses the District of Columbia line.</p><br>
<p>Takoma is bounded by Georgia Avenue to the west, somewhere between Tuckerman and Van Buren Streets to the south, and Eastern Avenue to the northeast. The current site of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center on Georgia Avenue separates it from Rock Creek Park. However, the neighborhood historically and culturally spans across the MD line into the greater neighborhood, with D.C. residents walking up to the farmer&#39;s market and downtown Takoma Park, MD, its greater neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood&#39;s Takoma Recreation Center and Public Pool is one of several major recreation centers in D.C.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Takoma Park was originally developed in 1883 by developer Benjamin Franklin Gilbert as a commuter suburb on the Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad line. Gilbert welcomed the Seventh-day Adventist Church to set up their world headquarters and publishing house in Takoma Park, DC with a hospital and college in neighboring Takoma Park, Maryland, and promoted the communitys reputation for vegetarianism and "clean living" away from the "malarial swamps" of the city. Takoma, D.C. was originally regarded as the commercial hub for the entire surrounding area, prior to the development of Silver Spring, as it featured large shops and industrial buildings in the area now occupied by the Metro station. Its commercial hub is considered to be part of what is called, "Takoma Parks Historic District".</p><br>
<p>Takoma was originally the name of Mount Rainier, from Lushootseed (earlier ), "snow-covered mountain". In response to a wish of Gilbert to rename the train stop called "Brightwood," the name Takoma was chosen in 1883 by DC resident Ida Summy, who believed it to mean "high up" or "near heaven".</p><br>
<p>The Seventh-day Adventist Church maintained its world headquarters and a publishing house on the Eastern Avenue side of the D.C. line until the early 1980s; after moving to Silver Spring, the former site of the publishing house became art lofts and rehearsal space for the Washington Opera.</p><br>
<p>The Takoma Theater, built in 1924, is located in the neighborhood. Takoma Theatre Conservancy, a nonprofit preservation group, is raising money to buy and refurbish the theater. The District of Columbia awarded a grant to the group to study how the theater would affect the residential neighborhood and how it should operate the theater if it reopened.</p><br>
<p>The Takoma Masonic Center ground-breaking ceremony took place on November 12, 1924 at the corner of Carroll St. NW and Maple St. NW, where it remains today as a community partner. On November 29, 1924, the masonic cornerstone ceremony was conducted by the Grand Master of Masons of the District of Columbia, Charles F. Roberts and Grand Lodge Officers and members of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia, Free And Accepted Masons. Hiram-Takoma Lodge No. 10 and Takoma Chapter No. 12, Order of the Eastern Star of the District of Columbia have met there since May 27, 1925 and jointly participate regularly in Takoma community events today. The Takoma Masonic Center is the only border lodge building in the District of Columbia allowing for community outreach and service to a greater population.</p><br>
<p>Both Takoma Park, D.C., and Takoma Park, Maryland, have been noted regionally and nationally for progressive politics dating from the 1960s, when area residents (led by future Takoma Park, MD mayor Sam Abbott) rallied to prevent a 10-lane freeway from bisecting the community, and lobbied to build the Metrorail system, near the site of the former B&O railroad station around which the community had been built. However, much of the land adjacent to the station was demolished or neglected in the wake of the freeway controversy, creating division between downtown Takoma Park, MD and the center of the Takoma community, which roughly parallels the D.C. line. Both of the remaining areas, on either side of the D.C.-Maryland line, are now protected as USA Historic Districts.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>District of Columbia Public Schools operates public schools. Takoma Education Campus and Coolidge High School are located in Takoma, D.C.</p><br>
<p>District of Columbia Public Library operates the Takoma Park Neighborhood Library. It was the first neighborhood library in Washington, D.C., and a Carnegie library.</p><br>
<p>EF International Languages Center Washington D.C., a private English school for foreign students, is located in Takoma.</p><br>
<p>Sloss Furnaces is a National Historic Landmark in Birmingham, Alabama in the United States. It operated as a pig iron-producing blast furnace from 1882 to 1971. After closing, it became one of the first industrial sites  in the USA to be preserved and restored for public use. In 1981, the furnaces were designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of the Interior.</p><br>
<p>The site currently serves as an interpretive museum of industry and hosts a nationally recognized metal arts program. It also serves as a concert and festival venue. Construction is also under way on a new $10 million visitors center. The furnace site, along a wide strip of land reserved in Birminghams original city plan for railroads and industry, is also part of a proposed linear park through downtown Birmingham. An annual Halloween haunted attraction called "Sloss Fright Furnace" is held at the site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Colonel James Withers Sloss was one of the founders of Birmingham, helping to promote railroad development in Jones Valley, Alabama and participating in the Pratt Coke and Coal Company, one of the new citys first manufacturers. In 1880 he formed his own company, the Sloss Furnace Company, and began construction of Birminghams first blast furnace on 50 acres (202,000 m²) of land donated by the Elyton Land Company for industrial development. The engineer in charge of construction was Harry Hargreaves, a former student of English inventor Thomas Whitwell. The two Whitwell-type furnaces were 60 feet (18 m) tall and 18 feet (5.4 m) in diameter. The first blast was initiated in April 1882. The facility produced 24,000 tons of high quality iron during its first year of operation. Sloss iron won a bronze medal at the Southern Exposition held in 1883 at Louisville, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>In 1886 Sloss retired and sold the company to a group of investors who reorganized it in 1899 as the Sloss-Sheffield Steel and Iron Company. New blowers were installed in 1902, new boilers in 1906 and 1914 and the furnaces completely rebuilt with modern equipment between 1927 and 1931. In 1909 James Pickering Dovel had become the superintendent of construction. For the next 21 years, Sloss was Dovels workshop for invention. He developed gas cleaning equipment, modified the design of the furnaces, and improved the linings of the furnaces. In all, some 17 patents are credited to Dovel. Slosss No. 2 Furnace, rebuilt in 1927, included many of these inventions, earning Dovel and Sloss a national reputation for innovation. Through this aggressive campaign of modernization and expansion, including furnace and mining and quarrying operations all around Jefferson County, Sloss-Sheffield became the second largest seller of pig-iron in the district and among the largest in the world. During this period the company built 48 small cottages for black workers near the downtown furnace — a community that became known as "Sloss Quarters" or just "the quarters".</p><br>
<p>In 1952, the Sloss Furnaces were acquired by the USA Pipe and Foundry Company, and sold nearly two decades later in 1969 to the Jim Walter Corp. The Birmingham area had been suffering from a serious air pollution problem during the 1950s and 1960s due to the iron and steel industry there, and Federal legislation such as the USA Clean Air Act encouraged the closure of older and out-of-date smelting works. Also, by the early 1960s, higher-yielding brown ores from other regions were feeding the blast furnaces.</p><br>
<p>The Jim Walter company closed the furnaces two years later, and then donated the property to the Alabama State Fair Authority for possible development as a museum of industry. The authority determined that redevelopment was not feasible and made plans to demolish the furnaces. Local preservationists formed the Sloss Furnace Association to lobby for preservation of this site, which is of central importance to the history of Birmingham. In 1976, the site was documented for the Historic American Engineering Record and its historic significance was detailed in a study commissioned by the city. Birmingham voters approved a $3.3 million bond issue in 1977 to preserve the site. This money went towards stabilization of the main structures and the construction of a visitors&#39; center and the establishment of a metal arts program.</p><br>
<p>In February 2009 Sloss became the new home of the SLSF 4018 steam locomotive, which was relocated from Birmingham&#39;s Fair Park.</p><br>
<h2>Present use</h2><br>
<p>Sloss is currently used to hold metal arts classes, a barbecue cookoff, Muse of Fire shows, and concerts. Being a reportedly haunted location, it is also an annual Halloween haunted attraction. Once a year, Sloss Furnaces hosts a "Ghost Tour" based on a story written by Alabama folklorist Kathryn Tucker Windham. Sloss Furnaces has been investigated by Ghost Adventures from Travel Channel, "Ghost Asylum" from Destination America, and also by Syfys Ghost Hunters. The story of Sloss preservation and modern use was documented in Alabama Public Television&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>For many years Sloss Furnaces has been used as a haunted house attraction during the Halloween season. The event is termed "Sloss Fright Furnace".</p><br>
<p>In June 2012 a formal groundbreaking ceremony was held at the site, signaling the beginning of construction on a new 16,000 square foot Visitors and Education Center to be located on the south-west corner of the furnace site. The new complex, funded jointly by the City of Birmingham and the Sloss Foundation, is expected to host educational exhibits relevant to the sites history, administrative offices, as well as additional multi-purpose space for public events. The facility improvements are expected to be in line with an ongoing project within the city to construct new "greenway" spaces in the downtown area, possibly linking several popular city venues in the future.</p><br>
<p>Bathurst Inlet is a deep inlet located along the northern coast of the Canadian mainland, at the east end of Coronation Gulf, into which the Burnside and Western Rivers empty. The name, or its native equivalent Kingoak , is also used to identify the community of Bathurst Inlet located on the shore.</p><br>
<h2>Plans for a deep-water port</h2><br>
<p>A consortium of seven mining companies sponsored environmental impact studies to construct a deep-water port in Bathurst Inlet.</p><br>
<p>Their plans included building a 211 km road connecting the port to their mines. The port would serve vessels of up to 25,000 tonnes.</p><br>
<p>A plan referred to the Nunavut Impact Review Board in May 2004 projected a capacity to moor vessels of up to 50,000 tonnes.</p><br>
<p>In this earlier plan the Bathurst Inlet Road would be an ice road, like that from Yellowknife, not an all-weather road as in post-2005 proposals, following the failure of the ice road to freeze early enough to allow transport of a whole year&#39;s worth of supplies.</p><br>
<p>In 2008 several of the companies dropped out.</p><br>
<p>In August 2013 Bathurst Inlet Port & Road (BIPR) Project, a joint venture composed of GlencoreXstrata, Sabina Gold and Silver Corporation, presented continued plans for facilities at the Grays Bay Port that would "include a dock, concentration storage shed, fuel storage facilities and a camp. These facilities will support storage of concentrate, loading of bulk-carrier ships, and re-supply of fuel and goods for the Project." The project that was first proposed in 2003 has been subject to changes in demands made by the Nunavut Impact Review Board regarding Environmental Impact Study.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental issues</h3><br>
<p>Environmental groups have raised concerns over the impact the road would have on the annual migration of the Bathurst Caribou herd.</p><br>
<p>There are four barren-ground caribou herds in the Northwest Territories—Cape Bathurst, Bluenose West, Bluenose East and Bathurst caribou herd.</p><br>
<h3>In fiction</h3><br>
<p>The proposed deep-water port serves as the basis of location in Don Bassingthwaite&#39;s short story, "Too Much Is Never Enough" from the science fiction anthology, Foreshadows: The Ghosts of Zero.</p><br>
